^ . KS % ARIBBEAN X EVELOPMENT ..osr AND 0 ^TJ Tiia rndd 04ÎPERÂTI0N THE CARIBBEAN REGION OMMITTEE Guyana CDCC/CCST/83/21 5 October 1983 ORIGINAL: ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN.AMERICA Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT AND CO-OPERATION COMMITTEE CARIBBEAN COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Third Plenary Session Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles 27-29 July 1983 REPORT OF SECOND MEETING WITH AGENCIES WHICH SPONSOR REGIONAL ACTIVITIES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles Tuesday 26 July 1983 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA Office for the Caribbean ( (Suriname/ ENGLISH « t C O N T E N T S p a . .Se REPORT OF SECOND MEETING WITH AGENCIES WHICH SPONSOR REGIONAL ACTIVITIES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ANNEX ANNEX ANNEX ANNEX ANNEX ANNEX ANNEX ANNEX 1 I - AGENDA II - LIST OF PARTICIPANTS III - SUBMISSION OF.THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE BOARD ON-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (BOSTID)IV - A SUMMARY OF THE SUBMISSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (CDB) V - SUBMISSION OF.THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) VI - SUBMISS ION .O THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM .F ORGANIZACION .LATINO AMERICANA DE ENERGIA (OLADE) - 8 9-12 13 - 14 16 - 19 20 - 25 26 27 VII - SUBMISSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION/ WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (PAHO/WHO) 28 - 34 VIII - A SUMMARY OE THE-SUBMISSION OF THE. REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT (UNCSTD) 35 - 45 ANNEX IX - SUBMISSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE UNITED.NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (UNIDO) 46 - 49 ANNEX X - SUBMISSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID) 50-54 ANNEX XI - SUBMISSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) 55 - 56 ft 'i H REPORT OF SECOND MEETING WITH .AGENCIES WHICH SPONSOR REGIONAL ACTIVITIES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Curaçao» Netherlands Antilles Tuesday 26 July 1983 BACKGROUND 1. The First Meeting.of Agencies which.sponsor regional activities in Science and Technology was convened by the Caribbean Council for Science.and. Technology (CCST) on 2 November 1982 in Jamaica. One. of the decisions emanating from the Meeting was that the CCST should convene an Inter-Agency Meeting immediately prior to its Annual. Plenary Session, as this would be an ideal forum to continue dialogue and collaborative activity and to achieve meaningful interaction.between agencies and the member countries in which they operate. As the Third,Plenary Session.of CCST was scheduled for 27-29 July 1983 in Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles, the Second InterAgency Meeting was convened on 26 July 1983. ATTENDANCE 2. The-following.Agencies-and Organizations with interests in regional Science and-Technology-activities were present: Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) Caribbean Community -Secretariat (CARICOM) Caribbean. Development Bank (CDB) Inter-Americah Institute for Co-operation on Agriculture (IICA) Intergovernmental Oceanographic.Commission (IOC) International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Organización Latinoamericana de Energía (OLADE) Organization, of- American States (OAS) Pan American Health-Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) United Nations Centre for Science and Technology for Development (UNCSTD) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) United Nations University (UNU) University of the West Indies (UWI) United States Agency for International Development (USAID) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 3. In his introductory remarks the Chairman (CCST) welcomed all the participants—^and gave a brief history of.the events which established the Inter-Agency Meeting as an annual activity in the CCST calendar. 2/ Adoption of the Agenda— (Agenda Item 1) 4. The agenda proposed in Document No. CDCC/CCST/83/8 was adopted subject to the correction that the title of Item 5 be changed to "Report on the First Meeting of CARICOM Ministers responsible for Science and Technology". Report of the First Meeting of Agencies which sponsor Regional Activities in Science and Technology Document No. CDCC/CCST/83/2 (Agenda Item 2) 5. The First Meeting of Agencies was held in Jamaica on 2 November 1982. The Report contained in Document No. CDCC/CCST/83/2 was.formally presented by the Chairman. Matters Arising (Agenda Item 3) 6. In accordance with a recommendation from.the First Meeting, a document had been prepared which itemized the.Science and Technology activities of various Agencies in the region. .Discussion.of the document was postponed to Item 6 on the Agenda. 1/ Annex I 2/ Annex II - 3 Statement by Chairman (CCST) (Agenda Item 4) 7. The Chairman informed the Meeting that most of his remarks under this item were already mentioned in his introductory statement, and in the interest of time he would proceed to the next Agenda Item. Report on the First Meeting of CARICOM Ministers Responsible for Science and Technology Document No. CDCC/CCST/83/7 (Agenda Item 5) 8. The First Meeting of CARICOM Ministers with responsibility for Science and Technology took place in Kingston, Jamaica on 6-7 April 1983. The CCST attended the Meeting as an Observer and had prepared a Report (Document No. CDCC/CCST/83/7) on the main decisions taken at that Meeting which would impact on the CCST Work Programme. This document was formally presented by the Secretariat. Many of the questions revolved around the role and relationship of the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), the Caribbean.Development and Co-ordination Committee (CDCC), the Caribbean Council for Science and Technology (CCST), the Caribbean Community Secretariat (CARICOM) and its Interim Co-ordinating Committee (ICC). The Chairman referred the Meeting to the CDCC Focus Vol. 3 No. 4 of August 1980, which outlined the ECLA/CDCC/CCST relationships as well as the functions of CCST, particularly as the CCST included members from the wider Caribbean than were represented under CARICOM. He explained that the Annual Inter-Agency Meeting provided.a perfect forum for informal co-ordination of Agency activity, in accordance.with priorities which were established at policy level. The CARICOM Ministers had identified certain priorities in the course of their meeting, and had established an Interim.Co-ordinating Committee (the ICC) as a temporary mechanism to provide them with advice about the possible options and directions to be taken to ensure that Science and Technology was coherently integrated within the strategy for development in the region. - 4 Discussion ensued on the likely relationships between the ICC and the CCST. From this discussion it became apparent that, as a short-term strategy, CCST should prepare a summary of these-deliberations for the forthcoming meeting of the Interim Co-ordinating Committee (ICC) in Barbados. Report on Phase 1 of the CCST/Agency Collaborative Programme (Agenda Item 6) 9. One of the decisions emanating from the First Meeting with the Agencies was that a Document should be prepared.which would provide information on the Agencies which supported, regional activities in Science and Technology, the areas in which they were involved, and the extent of their support. Dr.. Dennis Irvine, the UNESCO Regional Consultant in Science and Technology had been requested by CCST to undertake the assignment, and he had prepared the Document No. CDCC/CCST/83/17. This document was circulated as "An analysis of Science and Technology Projects/Programmes supported by Agencies in the Caribbean". Dr. Irvine was asked to introduce the document. In his presentation, Dr„ Irvine pointed out that the document was based on an analysis of the questionnaires sent to all.Agencies supporting Science and Technology activity at national as well-as regional level. As only eleven .of these Agencies had-responded,., he cautioned that the information he presented was.incomplete, and the document would have to be revised and updated at reasonable -intervals in the future. obtained so-far indicated- certain.trends. However, the information For instance, it was clear.that a great deal of time, money.and, honest effort were being.devoted to several programmes and projects.which generally lacked cohesion, and which often seemed to reflect mainly.the.internal..policies and perspectives of individual Agencies. The time seemed opportune for the region as a whole to question why certain projects were being undertaken, what were their objectives and what eventual benefits would accrue to the region. He.was of the opinion that the lack of cohesion existed because there was no well defined regional policy on Science and Technology. The meeting welcomed the Document as a first step in providing an indication of the general direction in which Agencies, Governments • and Institutions might move so as to formulate a policy to determine not only the Science and Technology activity to be-undertaken, but also the resources it would require. The meeting, expressed sincere thanks to Dr. Irvine for his efforts in collecting and analysing the data and recommended that work should continue on updating the document. Those Agencies which had not yet responded to the questionnaire were urged to do so as early as possible. Presentation of Reports/Statements by Agency Representatives (Agenda Item 7) 10. The Representatives from the various Agencies made oral presen- tations of their.activities being supported in the Caribbean.. The relevant-texts and summaries.are.included in the Annexes III-XI. "Discussion of modalities for further co-ordination and rationalization of Science and Technology activities within the Region" (Agenda Item 8) 11. The discussion on this issue was frank and wide-ranging, as the Representatives articulated the various policy and political considerations which usually impacted on decisions in Science.and Technology. Only a summary of the main points is presented below in the items (i) to (vi). (i) The very establishment of CCST and-the elaboration of its statutes presuppose a political will to co-ordinate.the.regional.activities in Science.and Technology. This co-ordination should involve all resources - human, financial and physical, and should lead to the design and .the execution of projects. However, at this stage of the Council's development, the CCST should consciously limit its role to formulating policy. - 6 (ii) Many agencies will continue to act independently and in response to national requests for assistance. A conscious decision to work through CCST would need to be made by all the Agencies. (iii) Agencies operating in the region varied by composition aind also by mandate. Some were extensions of Government, whilst others were purely non-governmental. Some actually provided funds whilst others provided access to funds; and all were subjected to various constraints and pressures in. undertaking their national and/or regional commitments. This factor should be taken into consideration in the light of the expressed desire of the Agencies to work together to formulate and execute a cohesive programme. (iv) At present the CCST has no infrastructure to execute major projects in depth, however it does undertake some catalytic activity. Its main focus should be to adumbrate a Policy by which the different role players in Science and Technology could be guided. By convincing the CARICOM Ministers that it could perform, the CCST should aspire to utilize its Specialist Committees/Working Groups to provide the professional and technical advice sought by the Governments. With the aid of CARICOM, the CCST could monitor, evaluate and .report on progress in regional activities in Science and Technology. (v) One role of CCST could be in channelling assistance to regional projects. (vi) In the present financial climate, Regional Governments have shown a strong aversion.to establishing new bureaucracies. However, there is a real need for some co-ordinating mechanism.which would formulate and advise on a Regional Science and Technology Policy; and it is essential that this mechanism should receive the 'de facto' as well as 'de jure' recognition of Governments. • I - 7 After extended deliberations, the Meeting decided that: a) Dr. Irvine and Dr. Spence should be asked to prepare a short background paper on "Mechanisms for enhancing collaboration between CCST and Agencies which support regional activities in Science and Technology". b) CCST should prepare a background paper for discussion at the forthcoming meeting of the Interim Co-ordinating Committee in Barbados. Any Other Business 12. There being no other business, the Chairman on behalf of participants expressed sincere thanks to the Government and Officials of the Netherlands Antilles for their warm welcome, generous hospitality and their efficient logistic support during the entire meeting. ANNEX I AGENDA Adoption of the Agenda Report of the First Meeting of Agencies which sponsor regional activities in Science and Technology Matters arising from the Report Statement by Chairman, CCST Report on the First Meeting of Caribbean Ministers Responsible for Science and Technology Report on Phase . . of the CCST/Agency Collaborative 1 Programme Presentation of Reports/Statements-by Agency Representatives Discussion of modalities for.further co-ordination and rationalization of Science and Technology activities Any Other Business - 9 ANNEX III LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 1. CCST Member Countries GUYANA Dr. Ulric Trotz Director Institute of Applied Science and Technology P.O. Box 791 Georgetown JAMAICA Dr. M.O. "Pat Hamilton" Executive Director Scientific Research Council P.O. Box 350 Kingston 6 ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES Ms. Erica Mc Intosh Head Agrolab P.O. Box 748 Kingstown SURINAME Mr. Iwan Kortram Head Project Evaluation Division Planning Bureau Dr. Sophie Redmonstr 116-118 Paramaribo 2. Intergovernmental Organizations CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY SECRETARIAT Mr. Studley Eimes Industrial Development Section CARICOM Secretariat Bank of Guyana Building Georgetown CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Mr. Jeffrey W. Dellimore Assistant Director Technology and Energy Unit P.O. Box 408 Wildey, St. Michael INTER-AMERICAN-INSTITUTEOF CO-OPERATION ON AGRICULTURE Mr.. Reginald Pierre Director-(Saint Lucia/Dominica/ Grenada) c/o Ministry of Agriculture Castries SAINT LUCIA - 10 - Dr. David L. Black Deputy Director Science and Technology OAS Secretariat 1889 F. Street N.W. Washington DC 20006 U.S.A. ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) Dr. Enrique Martin del Campo Executive Secretary Education, Science and Culture OAS Secretariat 1889 F. Street Washington DC 20006 U.S.A. Telephone No. 202 789 3873 ORGANIZACION LATINOAMERICANA DE ENERGIA (OLADE) Mr. Franklin Vanenburg Project Head OLADE Secretariat Av. 10 de Agosto 5133 Casilla 6413 Quitó ECUADOR Telephone: 459-644 Telex 27-28 3. United Nations System INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (IOC) Dr. S . M o Haq Assistant Secretary IOC UNESCO 7 Place de Fontenoy Paris-15 FRANCE Telephone: Office 577-16-10 x 6054 6055 Home 577-28-30 PAN-AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION/ WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (PAHO/WHO) Dr. Deryck W. Heinemann Adviser PAHO/WHO Office of Caribbean Programme Co-ordination P.O. Box 508 Bridgetown BARBADOS UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR -SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT (UNCSTD) UN Office: (212) 754-5809 Home: (212) 686-6360 Dr. C.B. Rau Senior Officer 1 United Nations Plaza, D.C. 1058 New York NY 10017 U.S.A. UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, , SCIENTIFIC AND-CULTURALORGANIZATION (UNESCO)" Dr. Dennis Irvine . UNESCO-Consultant.to the Caribbean. in.Science and Technology Dyoll Building 40 Knutsford Boulevard Kingston 5 JAMAICA UNITED NATIONS- INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (UNIDO) Mr. Herman Van Asbroeck Junior Professional Officer 1 Lady Musgrave Road. Kingston JAMAICA Ms» Annemarie Koeneke Junior Professional-.Officer. c/o United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) P.O. Box 812 Port-of-Spain TRINIDAD WORLD METEOROLOGICALORGANIZATION (WMO) Mr. C.E. Berridge ... Co-ordinating Director Caribbean Meteorological -Organization P.O. Box 461 Port-of-Spain TRINIDAD 4. Others BOARD ON SCIENCE AND. TECHNOLOGY FORV INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (BOSTID) Dr. John Hurley Director, BOSTID; National -Academy ¿f Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue N.W. Washington DC 20418 U«S OA9 Telephone: (202) 334-2635 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE (IDRC) Dr. Amitav Rath Acting-Associate Director Science, Technology,~ Energy Policy Programme P.O. Box 8500 Ottawa CANADA UNITED-STATES AGENCY -FOR . INTERNATIONAL.DEVELOPMENT (USAID) Dr. Howard A. Mlnners Director Office of.the-Science Adviser AID/SCI Washington DC 20532, U.S.A. Telephone: 703/235-3666 - 12 - UNltiERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES (UWI) Professor Ignatius D.C. ImbertDean Faculty of Engineering University of the West Indies St. Augustine Campus TRINIDAD - 13 - ANNEX III SUBMISSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE BOARD ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (BOSTID) Activities of Interest to the Caribbean Countries Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) BOSTID is the .division of the U.S. National Research Council (the operating arm of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine) responsible for programmes with developing countries. Established in 1969, BOSTID examines ways to apply science and technology to problems of.economic, and social development through overseas programmes, studies, advisory committees, and other mechanisms. Participants in BOSTID activities work with counterpart groups in developing countries. This joint effort is directed toward strengthening local scientific and technological capabilities related to agriculture, environmental planning, energy, forestry, health, natural resource management and conservation, nutrition, water supply and quality, and other areas. Overseas activities also address the national organizational and planning capabilities ..needed in applying science and technology., to . development ..problems and suggest possible scientific and technological solutions. As part of a private,, non-governmental institution, BOSTID relies on scientists and engineers.who.are selected-for.their expertise and who contribute their time.and services.as.members.of study panels.and participants in overseas.activities...BOSTIDJs.permanent staff provides professional support and continuity and.plans.future programmes. Activities that may. have-special interest to.the.countries of the Caribbean .include the followingt - 14 — Research Grants» BOSTID operates a programme .that-awards grants to institutions in developing countries ;to-„carry out-Research and Development in six research areas. The areas are: Grain .Amaranth; Fast-Growing, Nitrogen-Fixing Trees;. Biological ..Nitrogen.Fixation;.. .Mos-quito Vector Field Studies; Rapid Epidemiologic-Assessment;, -and-Diagnosis.and.Epidemiologyof Acute Respiratory Infections in Childrenfor a period of 2-4 years. A typical grant would be $100,000 More detailed -information..about the research' areas and about procedures .for applying for ..grants-may be .obtained by writing: Dr. Michael P. Greene Associate Director/Research Grants Board on Science and Technology for International Development, JH-214 National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue . Washington, D.C. 20418 — Publications. .BOSTID has an active.publications programme that ex- amines .development.problems-of.concern.to many nations. .Study reports are distributed without ..charge throughout the-developing ..world. - ..Some BOSTID studies such. as - Priorities. in. Biotechnology Research.. for.. International Development : Proceedings-of ^.'-Workshop -and .P-ostharvest Eood-Losses - in-Developing Countries deal .with-issues , and problems £>f general .concern. ..Other .studies concentrate on innovative uses of technologies,.plants, and animals in developing countries. Examples of these studies are.Ferroeement: Firewood Crops: Applications.in-Developing Countries; Shrub and -Tree Species - for Energy ..Production; . The Winged Bean: A High Protein Crop for :the. Tropics ;. and. Energy . f r . Rural. Development : Renewable . .o Resources and Alternative -Technologies for-Developing.Countries. BOSTID studies bring together the latest information on~ the-state of the-art and specific work in progress on a topic. . For a.complete.list of .BOSTID1 s-publications and how to order them, write: . — ... — ... . Ms. Wendy White . Information Services Manager Board on Science and Technology for International Development, JH-210 National Academy of Sciences . . 2101 Constitution Avenue -Washington, D.C. 20418 Overseas Activities. Over the past-15-years^JiQSTID-has. involved several thousand -U.S. scientistsr engineers,. and. social . scientists - w . and considerably -r larger numbers from host country institutions and Latin America- in joint .seminars in Asia, Africa, Small advisory teams ..have . also ..helped-individual countries with analysis and planning for special projects, and long-term co-operative arrangements have been established with several countries. These overseas activities have focused on a wide range of concerns from specific technical matters such as planning a project to produce ethanol from root crops to policy issues such as scientific and technical manpower planning or linking science planning to the economic planning process. BOSTID's activities are financially supported from a variety of sources such as the U.S. Agency for International Development, the National Science Foundation, and private foundations. For general information about BOSTID activities, please write Mr. J o h n Director Hurley Board on Science and Technology for International Development, JH-214 National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue Washington, D.C. 20418 - 16 - ANNEX IV A SUMMARY OF THE SUBMISSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (CDB) An O v e r v i e w Technology Caribbean (a) a and Development Activities of of Energy Bank TEU a r e for experiences Caribbean the from Region resources, a generate indigenous to analyse to demonstrate member which an Energy which In seeks to technical in imported implementing the to for accelerate and fuels CDB a n d i t s design and Commonwealth technological co-ordinated Fuel the and scale these for widely to to financial seeks and and m i n e r a l quality resources, resources utilising replicable the to needs and these in CDB and and Substitution adoption promote local special benefits (TDP) w h i c h the suited by in requirements; applying are - information, manpower techniques and programmes identification, on are establish and m a x i m i s i n g countries; measures to developing technology and w e l l fossil these support adapt the These promoting biological Conservation conservation of of of skilled potentially countries Date areas. seeks Programme opportunities or to specialists information energy, circumstances (c) its Development of three Region, scarce meeting reliable resources under a means the its the Progress common p r o b l e m s in Technology and among as within to of technology-related skills countries approaches the Programme which sharing and capabilities (b) (CDB), of (TEU) Unit grouped Communications mechanisms Activities of energy economic energy emphasis Commonwealth preparation Programme substitution resources. is placed Caribbean of on providing member countries commercially feasible - 17 investment projects which present opportunities creased use of a v a i l a b l e alternative is g r o w i n g r e c o g n i t i o n and s u p p o r t p o i s e d to a c h i e v e a s u b s t a n t i a l catalytic agent creation of for progressive durable organic w i t h i n the Region a n d CDB. advancement development o f in its the energy the i n d u s t r i a l t h e same f o r c e s themselves to be s k i l l f u l l y managed i f full responsible to be r e a l i s e d . the expertise CDB member t o two m a j o r p r o b l e m s o f success i s a s e c t o r and i n technical sector of that are l a r g e l y contributing of r o l e as The for countries this TEU, w h i c h h a v e The two problems (a) unrealistic available expectations resources once, making i t to i n d i v i d u a l (b) 'good' to devote adequate activities; that can y i e l d or s o c i a l l y i n d e a l i n g w i t h development problems o f despite a slow beginning. t h e TEU N e w s l e t t e r h a s e s t a b l i s h e d i t s e l f and e n e r g y - r e l a t e d To m a i n t a i n i t s progress be accomplished i n the near (a) additional and a c h i e v e i t s grant development o f support results the future information and h i g h l y as the p r i n c i p a l technical achieving objectives fully, source and f i n a n c i n g mechanism to and of Caribbean. the f o l l o w i n g period a s s i s t a n c e network shown desirable. developments w i t h i n the - a sustainable service; towards a permanent network and funding for a transitional a permanent Region. progress o f the programme a r e a c h i e v a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n on t e c h n o l o g y resources O p e r a t i o n o f two n e t w o r k s o n a n experimental b a s i s has l a i d the foundation for Also, at significant The C o m m u n i c a t i o n s Programme h a s made e x c e l l e n t that the objectives ideas v i s i b l e b u t w h i c h may n o t n e c e s s a r i l y be e c o n o m i c a l l y objectives, from and projects and are h i g h l y to p r e s s u r e s to p u r s u e a l l difficult p r e s s u r e t o go f o r quickly of what c a n be a c h i e v e d xvith and time, l e a d i n g w i t h i n and from o u t s i d e , its in- non-conventional/ f o r T E U ' s programmes. l i n k a g e s between s o u r c e s (and o u t s i d e ) , However, success are are through the use of or techniques. There i s Unit resources f o r more e f f i c i e n t must - 18 (b) development of East an Caribbean collect thus of i n f r a s t r u c t u r e .in States and d i s s e m i n a t e take (OECS) member technical full, advantage of the Organization countries information services to and available from TEU: (c) elaboration of TEU a c t i v i t i e s visits of (d) which technical its greatly Caribbean for in these success promote process also already made or the in involves the promotion to reducing risks by performance Past future. of a to and able local energy these have not of mechanisms of experiences in extent the relate to with which stages of application that ways the demonstrating of is data progress delays, of introduction systems with to gathering/ on to This scale and to in a complete the TDP since is it constrained.and the major and means able results. limited severely role. TEU i s a r e now p o i s e d Typically, to fulfilling.its technical lowering of new costs and techniques, acceptable operational costs. efforts been TEU o n reporting unpredictable under the Energy Programme h a v e been, c o n c e n t r a t e d TEU h a s and However, process associated and users development/adaptation, commercial subject success identifying the through spontaneously. barriers to development TEU s u b - p r o j e c t s near slow and seldom occurs with developments/activities b e e n a c h i e v e d .on a v e r y number o f inherently by extension and information good.progress technology significant process contact services; documentation progress practical has of countries, can be measured by assessment, successful flow include countries. deliberate resource regular energy-related systematic T h e TDP h a s Its and in assistance increased technology in put.TEU to to identify pursued by and on . o p p o r t u n i t i e s a number r e s o u r c e s -which a r e been Conservation Fuel for fuel of -o p p o r t u n i t i e s competitive with potential.users for oil, two Substitution for but substitution. using . generally reasons - - 19 - (a) because of a lack of adequate energy planning and programming, quick solutions are usually needed and the longer lead-time for putting 'alternative energy1 systems into operation precludes them from receiving serious consideration; and (b) financing on terms (e.g. small loans, security for loans, grace periods and interest rates) which would make funds more readily accessible to existing small -enterprises for changes in their energy equipment has proven difficult to obtain. Beginning in 1983, a greater effort -will be made to promote more efficient use of imported fossil fuels and to deal with the above constraints. Towards this end, an attempt.will be made to use the results of analytic studies and resource assessments of TEU and energy needs assessments of CARICOM to formulate and obtain financing for national investment programmes for energy conservation and fuel substitution. The recent decision of CARICOM Heads of Government that ministers responsible for energy meet and prepare a comprehensive Regional Energy Action Plan should generate strong national support for TEU's efforts and give impetus to the energy components of TEU's programmes. -20 - ANNEX V SUBMISSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN FROM STATES (OAS) T h e OAS R o l e Science and Technology in in the Caribbean by Dr. Executive Secretary E.Mo for is principal of goals of foster economic, cultural, countries in these ends, Scientific ' with a and these this has projects of in Barbados, food are development and the in and American States development the To Caribbean. is programme and the of achieve Department technical in in in Grenada, toward mandate. of co-operation disciplines. Saint are supporting and and technology and.Tobago, capabilities of and Dominica. Others and Barbados, of similar curriculum Jamaica, policy These laboratories university Tobago, the technology and.upgrading food p r e s e r v a t i o n . are Examples food Lucia Development First developing region developing Trinidad Trinidad Technological under.its Caribbean science the Dominican. planning Jamaica, Haiti Republic. projects", emphasize m u l t i n a t i o n a l activities in the and scientific programmes research underway states in Jamaica, engineering "Special member of and e d u c a t i o n a l mechanism oriented processing.and Dominican Numerous and Scientific are countries and H a i t i , programmes America programmes which programme engaged in of of infrastructure assist Republic types projects, programmes nature Programme two supporting type Organization scientific Affairs' Culture, countries.. "ordinary" and and States the effective Technological The R e g i o n a l currently Latin particularly Science American among member i to the Campo, Education, Organization One o f del of solar the second type co-operation this nature energyB to of programmes achieve have been metrology, and in specific carried out technical the department, research in the goals. Caribbean information for - 2(1 - industry. One of the most successful of these programmes relating particularly to the Caribbean was the special project on utilization of sugar cane residues, in which Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic and Haiti collaborated together with Mexico and Guatemala, This project,- bringing-as it did-researchers from a number of countries, was highly successful in identifying technologies for use of bagasse for animal feed, fermentation of alcohol from sugar cane, and improvement in sugar production technologies» The Inter-American Council.for Education, Science and Culture (CIECC) of the OAS, composed of ministers from OAS member nations, at its meeting in Bogota in 1980, defined eight priority areas for the coming decade in science and technology in which the OAS must direct.its abilities and resources.. These are: energy, food technology, marine sciences, renewable natural resources, materials technology, environment, basic and applied science and finally, planning, administration and development of scientific and technological programmes. It is in these areas that the OAS is currently devoting its energies, not only in the Caribbean, but in the other member states as well. Eleven Caribbean non-Hispanic states are currently members of the OAS; Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, the Bahamas, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. The OAS is paying special attention to the newer members of the organization to acquaint them with the rules, regulations and methodology of the OAS in order that they can receive the maximum benefits obtainable. OAS member states from the Caribbean have taken considerable initiative in the creation of science and technology programming and planning organizations. In 1977, representatives of the OAS member states.in the Caribbean met in Santo Domingo and established- the.Caribbean.Science and Technology Co-ordinating Committee for the purpose, of co-ordinating activities and pooling resources in .science and.technology•planning*-- From this first meeting, a task force was set up to.recommend specific priority areas for future studies. The Committee decided that one of the highest priority items in the marine resources area was that of oil.spill contingency planning. The first step in the implementation of contingency planning was a meeting of the task force in Port-cf-Spain in Mays 1979. From this meeting came the framework of a Caribbean regional oil spill control plan. Subsequent technical to seminars not only the International will contingency for the is they the be the programmes Saint emphasize but In regional food the execution time, Leucaena, coming Programmes Due t o the and a and this year, subregional the role can only scarcity regional of than only actively in CSTCC be.imple- resources - programmes development Committee not of have proved national identifies their subsequent evaluation. the Committee development, plants, a is overseeing a.programme project an a q u a c u l t u r e biennium, programme on expected participate establish of topic, on project, on regional economic selection and a biology and study of post- loss. purpose which is on t h e f r o m USAID policy-making participates under-exploited, tropical harvest the on r e g i o n a l regard, in mini-hydro of but held In October to states. requested. this OAS, workshops, Caribbean, impact present cultivation Lucia planning have been Organization. member funded, implementation, At to from t h e department, functions,, In to in the are h a v e much m o r e projects It for important programmes. of Maritime numerous activities funding OAS C a r i b b e a n with which to by be held plan m e n t e d when conference, and o t h e r supported a meeting It that in the the the use Committee of also that a. m a j o r i t y this of department solar is drying identified as also for a initiating a agricultural priority t h e .OAS C a r i b b e a n m e m b e r topic. states will activity. Other regional.projects supported-by the OAS in science and technology include, programmes in livestock.production, fuel through fermentation, quality, control, food technology, information systems, forest resources and solar measurement. These programmes, plus regular programmes and national projects, amount to a total funding level of US$1,875 million for the 1982-83- biennium for these countries. Approximately the same level of funding is anticipated for the 1984-85 period. - 23 Although most countries have a national-planning framework, few have specific programmes based on an explicit strategy designed to improve economic and social conditions for their low-income population« ceeded from the planning to the implementation stage» one. Even fewer have proThis task is not an easy In its broadest sense, development involves all sectors. synchronize regional planning. It needs to It-involves fundamental-political and technical considerations and the existing information base is often poor. There must be the political commitment.and will, to go.beyond the pilot stage. Most important, there must be continuity, both in terms of programme resources and in management„ The only way that rural and urban poverty can be eliminated on a permanent and sustainable basis is to increase the productivity, of the lower-income strata. But this concern with direct methods to increase productivity, must be supplemented for four reasons: First, education and health are required-to contribute-to a higher level of productivity. Most low-income persons have limited access to such public services as education, health care and water supplies, which they need if they are to break out of the vicious circle of low productivity and poverty. Second, many of the lowest-income population have no physical assets, neither a small farm nor a small industry. The only.' ássstés " they possess are their own two hands and their willingness to work. In such a situation, the development of human resources through education and health programmes is an essential tool to increase their productivity. Third, it is not enough to enable those in the low-income brackets to earn a reasonable income. They also need goods and supplies and services, on which to spend it. Markets do not always supply these items, particularly those of public services. Expansion and redistribution of public service become essential if basic needs are to. be met. Finally, it may take a long time to increase the .productivity of those in the lowest-income category to a level where they can afford at-least the minimum requirement of socio-economic needs for a productive life». In the interim period, some groups may need short-term subsidy projects. In order to.incorporate goals for meeting.the socio-economic needs in an operational programme, three distinct steps are necessary. First, all developing countries should formulate their own national development - 24 plans for meeting the needs of their population over a defined period of time. Naturally, the priority that each country gives to meeting these needs and the time frame within which it plans to achieve this objective will vary widely, depending on the state of economic development, resource bases, and political and social constraints. International targets - should be devised as an aggregation of these national plans and not as indefinite estimates. In the final analysis, the initiative for fulfilling the socioeconomic needs as the principal objective, rests entirely with the countries. The weight they give to this objective is their choice. The international community cannot be far ahead of the national governments. It can afford help. It can give the right signals in development assistance and technological policies. But it can neither define nor dictate targets. It is a national decision in the light of each country's decision to look at the role women are playing - where they, in many cases, are the ones upon whom success really depends. It is each country's decision to recognize the accumulating pressure, of poverty and unemployment and the quiet footsteps of revolution that their governments hear in the distance. Without a national commitment to eliminating poverty, no amount of international concern can be of significant value. We who are here this week, representing countries of the Caribbean, international development organizations.and others, have a singular advantage; unlike many areas of the world, there is in this region a relatively.large amount.of land which can be cultivated. There is, for the most, part, a benign climate. The manpower.should be ready and able to carry out programmes in development. What is urgently needed is to unify, to the greatest.extent possible, technical expertise in the region and-to .utilize research and development capabilities for.the solution of common problems. In your planning.as technical.specialists, those of you who represent your countries,.please consider as a prime target those who have no resources, who have no access to basic services, and yet are those upon whom you depend for the future of your country. - 2$ - We of the OAS hope that this meeting signals a beginning of co-operation, of communication, and of the development of resources in the region. In your future actions, remember what Lester Brown said, "We have not inherited the earth from our fathers, we are borrowing it from our children". - 2r .6 ANNEX VI SUBMISSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM ORGANIZACION LATINO AMERICANA DE ENERGIA (OLADE) OLADE Activities in the Caribbean Subregion A Statement by the OLADE Representative to the Second Meeting of Agencies which Sponsor Science and Technology Activities in the Caribbean OLADE, being engaged in the-area of applied technology in the field of energy, has been working with nine member countries in the Caribbean: Barbados, Cuba, the. Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. The approach to these relationships is direct from OLADE's headquarters to the OLADE Co-ordinator in each member country. The documents I supplied show the objectives and.emphasis we place on certain aspects of the energy systems. Suffice it here for me to indicate the current programmes in which the Caribbean countries participate. 1. The main exploration, aspects of the and m o s t member Hydrocarbon countries Programme from the lie in the Caribbean are area of participat- ing. 2. The Coal Programme (including Peat) has scheduled a-resource- inventory throughout the Region,.-after which development recommendations will be . made to the countries - based on-their indigenous ..resource availability. Active Member Countries are the Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica and Suriname. 3. The Hydroenergy Programme -intends to .measure-the.hydroenergy potential of each country by means of a common.methodology. Suriname and Guyana are active in this effort. . 4. In the same vein., the Geothermal. Programme is conducting-inventories of potential in the Dominican-Republic, Haiti and Jamaica. 5. Every country is participating in the Bioenergy Programme in line witih its own needs or requests. - 2 1 - 6. In the Solar and Wind Energy Programme, projects that will reach..the. Caribbean countries at a later stage are currently being prepared. 7. OLADE needs insight into the. institutional.framework of the energy systems of the Caribbean countries. Ihe-CCST could.prove to be quite helpful in clarifying this matter and in providing this understanding. We will value the assistance of CARICOM.and the CDB in this respect, and, to a great extent, follow-up to such co-operation will lead to-the inclusion of the Caribbean countries in an energy information network. 8. The energy information system that is being structured at this time, in co-operation with UNESCO, entails the design of a system comprised of national focal points in the member countries, with a.regional centre in the OLADE Permanent Secretariat in Quito. This programme will commence with documentary data and data on institutions and projects,- and at a later stage will include numerical data. At this point, I should note the assistance of the EEC in designing the contents of the system, as regards, the numerical (statistical) data on energy and related subjects.. The network system will be tested soon in four pilot countries and afterwards, I expect in early 1984, the expanded network should be reaching the Caribbean countries with a strong liaison in the Technical Energy Unit of the CDB-^ 9. In the meantime, the application of energy planning models is being studied for the different subregions of Latin America. For the tests to be run in the Caribbean countries, -the necessary energy profiles for each country should be completed or.updated. To this end, OLADE has requested assistance from the European Economic Community in Brussels. 10. Two workshops are being prepared in the area of new and renewable energy and electricity utilities, to train technicians from the member countries in the Caribbean and to exchange experiences. In the case of electricity utilities, the Venezuelan Government may be providing the collaboration of pro fessionals and/or funding. - 28 ANNEX VII SUBMISSION OF .THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION/ WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (PAHO/WHO) A Note on PAHO/WHO.Policy and Activities in Science and Technology for Health Dr. D.Wo Heinemann, PAHO/WHO Office of Caribbean Programme Co-ordination There is widespread disenchantment with jnany.aspects of health care throughout the world. The reasons are not difficult to discern. Better health could be achieved with the technical knowledge available. Unfortunately, in. most countries this knowledge is not being put to the best advantage for the greatest number. Health resources are allocated mainly to sophisticated-medical institutions in.urban areas.. Quite apart, from.the dubious social premise.on which this is based,.the concentration of complex-and costly technology on limited segments of the population.does not - even have.the advantage of improving health. Indeed, the improvement of health is.being equated with the.provision of medical care dispensed by growing numbers of specialists, using narrow medical-technologies often for the benefit of the privileged few. People have become cases without personalities, and contact has been lost between those providing medical care and-those receiving it. To complicate matters, health systems.are all too often being devised outside the mainstream of social and economic development. These systems frequently restrict themselves to medical care, although industrialization and deliberate alteration of the environment are creating health problems whose proper control lies far beyond.the.scope of medical care. Thus, most conventional health care systems are becoming increasingly complex and ..costly and-have doubtful social relevance. They have been distorted-by the dictates of medical technology and by the - 29 misguided efforts of a medical.industry providing medical consumer goods, to society. Even some.of the most affluent countries have come to. realize the disparity between the high care costs and low health benefits of these systems. Obviously it.is out of.the question.for the developing countries.to continue importing them. Other approaches have to be sought. Countries of the Caribbean.have found this new approach to Health Care Development in adopting.the Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy. Primary Health Care The Alma-Ata Declaration, endorsed by Caribbean.Governments, states that at least the following should be included.in primary health care: Education.concerning prevailing health problems and the.methods of preventing and controlling them; promotion of food supply and proper nutrition; an adequate supply of safe .water and-basic sanitation; maternal and child health care including family planning;, immunization against.the major infectious diseases; prevention and control of locally endemic diseases; appropriate treatment of common diseases and _ injuries; _ and provision of essential drugs. This new strategy of Primary Health care is a practical approach to making . essential health.care-universally accessible to-individuals and families in the community in an. acceptable and affordable way and.with their full . participation. It has social .and.developmental dimensions and if properly applied will influence the way in which.the rest, of.the health system functions. All levels of the health system,should.review.critically their methods, techniques, ..equipment-.and.drugs, with the aim of using only , those technologies that have really proved their worth and~can.be afforded. For primary health care this is vital,-because there has been.a-tendency to concentrate.on medical technologies that are more appropriate for hospital use than for front-1 ine care. The scope, and purpose of primary health care, and the technical capacity of those who provide it, make it more important than ever to have effective and other innovative technologies available. -30 Policy and Programmes In general: PAHO interest in Science and-Technology is two-fold: PAHO is Interested in those Science Methodologies that could be applied to health; - PAHO will promote the use of Science Methodologies to decide which technologies are reâlly effective and appropriate to meet health needs. PAHO Health technology programme represents the systematic application of scientific knowledge utilizing processes, techniques, methodologies, equipment, and institutions for the purpose of improving the health conditions and.well being of the population. The technology,.therefore, forms part of all programmes, projects and health activities. PAHO aims at helping its member countries to become self-reliant in the administration of effectiveappropriate and economical-. technologies in accordance with the needs of their health programmes. The fundamental-objective - is to promote and-support-the development , evaluation, adaptation, vise and control of effective appropriate.health technology so that the-systems.and services can have the advantage of it and use it in their programmes for protection, prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation» ..The overall objective is .to attain a high level of health for.the.entire population in keeping.with the goal of Health for All by the Year 2000»- This can be achieved through the .following components .of the programme: (a) promotion cif technology in .the health services, (b) laboratory.services, (c) essential medicines and drugs, (d) production and-quality control of.hiologicals, and .(e)- administration.of health technology. . The strategies to be followed.are the establishment and co-ordination.of policies for.the-development and evaluation of technology, identification and support of national entities so as toensure-the. establishment-of-national..and. regional networks of - 31 participating centres, intersectoral analysis of health determinants, and the development of projects, in, accordance ..with.the foregoing analysis, to overcome problems identified. Special emphasis is being given to ensuring the availability of essential medicines and vaccines .in.the-basic health services, since the appropriate use of these inputs represents the application of a technology of immediate impact on the health conditions of the people. For this purpose, activities are being promoted at the ..subregional and national levels for the development and strengthening - of pharmaceutical supply systems in all their aspects, from selection and production up to distribution, prescription and.use of medicaments. The programme.collaborates with subregional agencies such as. CARICOM, which.has taken.important initiatives in this field, particularly in relation to the acquisition of medicaments. at attainable prices and the quality control of these medicaments. The 1/ identification and support of.institutions— and other national resources will serve as a basis for the establishment of collaborative networks and.. . reference centres, which will make it possible to move towards self-reliance in the subregion in terms of the pharmaceutical sector. Examples of Special Programme Areas in the Caribbean I. II. IIIc Mother and Child Health Training of new types of health workers PAHO's role in TCDC I. MOTHER AND CHILD HEALTH 1. Expanded -Programme on Immunization (EPI) The EPI confronts dual.challenges: to reduce morbidity and mortality by providing immunization-for.all children of the subregion by 1990 and to develop immunization services- in consonance with.other health services, particularly those directed-towards mothers.and.children, so they can mutually strengthen the.approach of Primary Health Care„ 1/ e.g. - Caribbean-Drug.Testing Laboratory Barbados Drug Service - 32 Immunizations are being provided against 6 major killers: diphtheria, whooping ccugh, tetanus, measles,.poliomyelitis and tuberculosis to reduce -death or.disabling deafness or mental retardation» by paralysis, blindness, Science and Technology forms part and parcel of the following EPI activities:A: Systems Improvement of the cold chain at country level - Technical exchanges with vaccine suppliers - Equipment maintenance and spare part distribution - Intercountry collaboration on the cold .chain B: Training In planning and managing of EPI at senior, middle and basic level Repair and maintenance of cold chain equipment. C: Equipment An equipment test facility has been established in the region to test refrigerators, freezers, cold boxes, ice-makers and ice-pack freezers utilizing electricity, gas, kerosene and solar energy. 2. Breastfeeding Breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal.food for the healthy growth and development of infants; it forms a unique biological and emotional basis for the health of both mother.and child;. the anti-infective properties of breastmilk help.to protect infants against-disease..and there is an important relationship-between-breastfeeding and child-spacing. This makes it.a.key aspect.of. self-reliance, primary.health-care and current -development approaches. 3. .Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) The leading cause,of infant.and.childhood mortality remains acute diarrhoeal.diseases» Elimination of diarrhoea as a public health,, problem of ten must., await, long-term socio-economic improvements; the mere provision of potable., water. and sanitary facili-. tieshave not.had the expected dramatic impacts. Virtually all - 33 diarrhoeal deaths can be prevented, provided life-saving rehydration therapy is readily available and administered promptly„ Now, for the first time, extending such therapy to all those in need, is becoming increasingly feasible, thanks to a remarkable technology breakthrough: a simple glucose-electrolyte fluid consisting of 3 anorganic salts plus glucose dissolved in water could be used for (rehydration) treatment of acute diarrhoea in all ages regardless of the cause of the. diarrhoea. It should be recalled that the traditional mode of treatment, for acute diarrhoea dehydration is intravenous fluid therapy. This new technology has taken the treatment from the health institutions into the communities at a cost which is a fraction of that for traditional treatment. II. 1. TRAINING OF NEW TYPES OF HEALTH WORKERS TO ADMINISTER PHC Training of Family . Nurse Practitioners At a subregional Training Centre Nurse-midwives of the Commonwealth Caribbean are being provided with expanded clinical and nursing skills in health assessment, diagnosis and management.and treatment of common health problems as essential.elements in meeting.the needs of their communities in primary health care; course duration is 10 months. The main purpose is to increase the availability and utilization of preventive community based health services-by the population through preparing nurses to assume nursing-reles with.additional responsibilities. 2. Training of Community Health Aides 3. Training of ..Animal Health-.Assistants (AHA) and Veterinary Public Health Assistants (VPHA) Community based veterinary auxilliary personnel being.trained (2 years) for 17 Caribbean Governments since 1975; so.far.212 boys-and..girls graduated. - 34 III. PAHO'S ROLE IN TCDC ROLE ACTIVITIES 1. 1.1. Identify potential 1.2. Bring parties together 1.3. Organize training 1.4. Collect, process and disseminate information 2.1. Design-programmes, projects 2. Promotional Supportive and activities 2.2. 2.3. 3. Financial Executive joint projects Strengthen subregional/ national institutions 3.1. Co-finance projects 3.2. Mobilize external resources 3.3. Tap other resources - 35 - A SUMMARY OF THE SUBMISSION-OF.THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE UNITED NATIONS CENTRE.FOR.SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT (UNCSTD) 25 July 1983 ANNEX VIII A Note on Subregional and Regional Co-operation in the implementation of the Vienna Programme of Action with particular reference.to the Caribbean region The Vienna Programme of. Action sets forth, the-requirements for specific actions to be taken, inter alia, at the subregional and regional levels. It makes several recommendations designed to strengthen scientific and technological co-operation among developing countries at the subregional and regional levels, including establishment of joint industrial projects, skilled manpower inventories relating to the exploration and utilization of their natural and other resources. It also calls for rationalization and strengthening of the existing regional and subregional research and development institutions and joint studies on-the causes, scope.and repercussions.of the drain of qualified personnel from developing to developed-countries. Within the United Nations System, it calls for the decentralization cf the decision-making process for the strengthening of the regional commissions by entrusting to them the realization of their subsidiary machinery.in-the.field of science and technology, assumption of.the role of. team leadership.for science and technology co-operation programmes at the regional.level, the provision of inputs for the policy-making process of the Intergovernmental Committees and the responsibility for.supporting.developing.countries, at their request in identifying projects and preparing programmes for.the promotion of science and.technology co-operation among.those countries. . The ..General Assembly endorsed, the . recommendations of the Vienna Programme.of-Action and established:the. Intergovernmental Committee on Science and Technology for. Development,. open to the participation of all States with wide-ranging responsibilities to ensure the effective - 36 - implementation of the recommendations* One.of-the responsibilities relates to the preparation of a i operational plan for carrying out. the Programme of t Action. One of the major undertakings that the Committee has been engaged in since its establishment was the process of concretizing the.recommendations of the Vienna Programme of Action into specific operational.activities. As part of this process, it adopted an operational plan.as the framework for further actions and identified the following eight major programme areas: Programme Area 1: Scientific and technological ..policies and plans for development; Programme Area 2: Creation and strengthening of scientific and technological infrastructure; Programme Area 3: Choice, acquisition and transfer of technology; Programme A r a 4: Development of human resources for science and ,e technology; Programme-Area_5:.Financing of science and technology.for development; Programme Area 6; Scientific and.technological information; Programme Area . 7: Strengthening of research-and development in and for developing countries.and their linkage to the production system; Programme.Area 8: Strengthening of co-operation in.the-field of science and technology among developing-countries.and-between developing and developed countries. The Committee.also-identified-under each programme area, -areas of concentration which could serve as a basis for formulation of operational activities» The operational plan, adopted by the .Committee, also ..contains - several operational activities which.were designed to provide guidance-to the United Nations System on the support needed .by.the Governments-as-well .as by subregional, regional .and interregional .organizations, in-their ..efforts. to implement the Vienna Programme«. .These were conceived in an..intersectoral context and presented in.such a way that.possible-linkages-between.the organs, organizations and bodies .of . t e United Nations. System* . are easily. recognizable although .h . no attempt to assign ..specific functions to . the bodies = of - the United Nations System was made.. Most of the activities.proposed require initiatives at national, subregional, regional and interregional levels. * - 3 741 The operational plan.also.assigned a . focal role.to the regional commissions in the preparation and implementation.of national and regional scientific and technological.development activities. As regards financing science and technology for development, the plan called for the review of subregional- sources and mechanisms of scientific and technological-financing, consultations with regional and international financing institutions . a d the. diversification of .n. mechanisms for financing so as to generate additional resources for the implementation of the Vienna Programme. The Intergovernmental .Committee,.which.was expected to meet normally once a year, has had five sessions so far. At its fifth session, which was held last June,.the Committee.adopted several important decisions on substantive matters. It approved some guidelines for the formulation of projects and programmes for the implementation of the Vienna Programme, thus culminating a process that it began when it called.for the formulation of an operational plan for carrying out the recommendations.of the .Vienna.Programme. These guidelines are designed-to assist Member States.and.the organizations of.the United Nations System in formulating.specific projects and programmes oriented towards creating and strengthening endogenous scientific.and technological capacities in developing countries. Subregional bodies.like.the Caribbean.Council .for Science and Technology.could take advantage of these.guidelines in assisting developing countries in . t e formulation of .projects and programmes. .h As part of the-task.of suggesting guidelines to the Committee, t e . Centre for Science and Technology , for Development had sent a h. questionnaire- to.all.Governments.seeking.relevant.information. A detailed note.on.this subject insofar as the countries in the Caribbean region is concerned-has-been-prepared by the Centre. Another important.aspect-that the Committee-has.been engaged in during the past couple.of years relates to formulation of joint activities in-science and technology for development - as an importânt component of bringing-about .closer.co-ordination.and co-operation among.the organizations.of the United Nations. System-in their efforts - 384- to support t e creation and strengthening-of endogenous scientific and h> technological capacities .in developing .countries» . .Eollowing a request from the Committee, the Administration . Committee on. Co-ordination Task Force on Science and Technology for Development, which.was specifically established following the recommendations of the..Vienna-Programme,.-formulated these joint activities, established four technical working groups to examine specific fields of joint activities. The Working-Groups recommended 24 joint activities, which were focussed and oriented towards - endogenous capacity building in developing countries. The Tksk Force endorsed these joint activities and also agreed on the modalities and mechanisms required for faci-litating speedy and effective execution in developing countries. These joint activities are expected to be implemented.in developing.countries. Whilethe organizations of the United Nations System relied largely on their own knowledge and perceptions of the problems and needs in developing countries, it was recognized that.more,direct consultations.with developing countries would be needed before these-projects are finalized-and submitted, whenever necessary, to appropriate funding bodies. The Administrative Committee on Co-ordination, composed of the Executive Heads of all the organizations within the United Nations-System.and presided over by the-Secretary-General of the United.Nations, had.recognized that these-joint.activities constitute an important contribution to the implementation of the Vienna Programme of Action and to joint planning and joint programming in science and technology. The ACC also decided .that. the organs, organizations -and-bodies of the United Nations System should, to.the maximum.extent.possible, mobilize existing resources from within.their . regular-budgets and that,, .whenever necessary, extrabudgetary resources should also be.sought - from external.funding sources. For each organizations necessary in joint as activity, lead agencies. measures.towards co-operation with the their Task-Force The.primary had designated responsibility implementation.rests other-participating fully reflect nology Force for in relating Development the to and priorities.. provides formulation co-ordination of in the the the The Centre Secretariat joint field of lead science as as for.Science support activities so part to of the more taking o r g a n i z a t i o n s . .. T h e l e a d also-undertake-consultations.with-developing-countries needs for with-these would their one o r ACC all agencies agencies to and more Tech- Task its.responsibilities and.technology. The Task - 394- Force had requested the Centre to.continue,.to-play a catalytic co-ordinating role in the follow-up and implementation of the joint activities. The Executive Director of the Centre had addressed all-the national-focal..points in. developing countries with a request to provisionally indicate their.interest in any of the joint activities so that.this-information could be collected . and co-ordinated and passed on to.the concerned lead agencies which would in turn get.in touch.with-the.concerned developing country to undertake more detailed.consultations on the individual joint activities. It is the.expectation that all the 24 joint activities would be supported by-one-or-more developing countries and in fact sponsored by them for submission to appropriate funding bodies. In other words, once these projects.are supported and sponsored by developing countries, they would, in.effect, cease to be joint activities formulated by - the organizations of the United Nations System; . t e would become either national, or intercountry .hy projects. The members of the Caribbean Council.might wish to give consideration to this aspect and reply to the letter from the Executive.Director indicating their interest in one or more of the joint activities. It may be stated that.all regional commissions, including.the Economic Commission for-Latin America (ECLA), were always invited to all the meetings of the Task. Force as well as to the.meetings of-its working groups...Some of.the regional commissions had also participated.in the meetings of .the working groups as well as the .Task Force. To . the extent possible, .the..subregional and regional .dimension was taken-into account-in - the formulation of the joint activities. While.the invitations.to the-meetings-of the Task Force and its working groups were.sent.to the-Regional-Commissions, it was not possible to-disseminate.this information to.subregional bodies like the Caribbean-Council.. It might-be-useful.to.consider appropriate mechanisms in future that would facilitate-this-information and knowledge-being.communicated to.subregional bodies also, without prejudice in any-way to-the-central.role.of.the,Regional Commissions in-their-.respective regions. - 404- While.the letter from the Executive Director to -the national focal points in the Caribbean Region contains- some-basic information on the 24 joint activities, a brief note'containing this information-is "also attached—^ for the information of the Caribbean Council The Council might wish to examine this collectively and identify those joint activities which it considers to be of special importance and relevance,to the Caribbean region. This would greatly facilitate the process of the follow-up and implementation of these projects in the Caribbean region. Another function.of the Intergovernmental.Committee assigned to it by the General Assembly was to initiate.arrangements for.the early identification and assessment of new scientific and technological developments which may affect adversely the development process as well as those that may have specific and potential importance for that process and strengthening of the scientific and technological capacity of the developing countries. The Centre prepared a project profile on the establishment of an Advance Technology Alert System.(ATAS). This matter was-also considered by the ACC Task Force and supported* At its fifth session, the Committee approved the establishment of the Advance Technology Alert System, including the issuance of a semi-annual publication in collaboration with concerned United Nations organizations. It was gratifying that a preparatory meeting on New Technologies and Implications for .Caribbean..Development was held in Kingston, Jamaica,.on 23 and.24 May, this year* The conclusions and recommendations of.that meeting are very valuable and would be-fully taken into account by. the Centre in carrying. forward this task,. One of the most.important.recommendations of the.Vienna Programme of Action related to the request to the Intergovernmental.Committee to establish procedures and mechanisms which would ensure adequate .and.effective provision of scientific and technolo gLcal expert advice to it.. Eollowing this recommendation, an Advisory Committee on. Science and Technology for ..Development was established, composed.of distinguished scientists-and technologists from all over . t e .world, with a . view to providing high-level, advice and assistance to .h the Committee.in the implementation.of the Vienna.Programme.of Action. The Advisory Committee has,so far held three sessions..and has accomplished a great deal of substantive work which has been appreciatively recognized by 1/ Proposed.Joint.Activities by Programme-Area (attached). the Committee. The Advisory Committee also established ad hoc panels to examine specific subjects like integrated application of emerging and traditional technologies for development and human resources development for the planning, management and implementation of science and technology programmes in developing countries. The mechanism of establishment of ad hoc panels was considered.to be useful and successful and it is proposed to continue - this - in.the future in a selective manner. One.of the major recommendations of the Advisory Committee relates to what it calls "pioneer projects" which were formulated by the ad hoc panels. These projects were designed as illustrative examples in specific technical fields such as microelectronics, computers, biotechnology, solar technology and other forms of renewable energy. The Intergovernmental Committee, at its fifth session, invited interested Governments to take steps towards the formulation and implementation.of these.projects with the co-operation and.support.of.other concerned developing and developed countries. The Council might wish to consider these projects and to take necessary steps towards their implementation insofar as they are relevant to the needs and conditions of the.Caribbean region. The Centre for Science and Technology for Development also stands ready to provide any further clarification.or assistance in this regard. To sum up, subregional .bodies, in close collaboration with the respective regional commissions have an important role to play in the process of the implementation of the Vienna .Programme of Action and its operational plan, particularly in bringing about.closer and more harmonized co-operation among the developing countries.of the subrégion. Joint initiatives and joint projects can optimize the utilization of common resources and fulfil common or respective needs. It is gratifying that the Caribbean Council has already taken several initiatives in this direction. The guidelines adopted.by the Intergovernmental Committee.and.the joint activities-formulated by the ACC Task Force could assist this process.- The Council?.through the Economic Commission for Latin America could-also be.appropriately involved in the formulation.of.future-joint-activities.. The.Centre for Science and Technology for Development, in line with its mandate as the co-ordinating body and as the substantive Secretariat.of the Intergovernmental Committee on Science and Technology for Development, in close co-operation with the.Economic Commission for Latin America, stands ready to support and assist the efforts of this Council.to.mobilize science and technology as an important tool of development~of-its Member States. -24894 - PROPOSED JOINT ACTIVITIES BY PROGRAMME AREA (UNCSTD) Scientific and technological, policies and plans for development (Programme Area 1) 1. Interregional study of the implication of new microelectronics technologies for developing countries in selected sectors. 2. Identification and assessment of the implications of new energy technologies for developing countries. 3. Interregional assessment and strengthening of remote sensing applications technology in developing countries, 4. Evaluation of technological infrastructure requirements for coastal and marine development. 5. Joint advisory services in strengthening the capacity of developing countries in science and technology for development in a Latin American country. . 6. Determination of science and technology - inputs required for promoting socio-economic-development and employment in rural areas in the Latin American region. Creation-and-strengthening of scientific and technological infrastructure (Programme Area 2) 1. African regional .network .for agricultural tools and .. equipment. 2. Improvement of traditional low-cost building materials. 3. Upgrading-and.effective utilization of traditional technologies.for food conservation and processing. 4.. Upgrading traditional technologies in low-cost rural transportation. 5. Development and manufacture..of production machinery and equipment for upgrading traditional rural technologies in least.developed countries of Asia and the Pacific. - 444- Choice, acquisition and transfer of technology (Programme Area 3) 1. Training activities in the field of policy-making in science and technology for development.in the Asia and Pacific region. 2. Determination and testing of.indicators of technological development. Scientific and technological information (Programme Area 6) 1. National nodes for the global network of scientific and technological information - (a pilot project). 2. Directory of major information services in science and technology. 3. International standards.for information handling in support of the establishment of the global network of scientific and technological information. 4. Development and use of a generic.indexing vocabulary in support of the establishment of the global network of scientific and technological information. 5. General framework for a stepwise design of the global network of scientific and technological information. 6. A framework for information exchange .for science and technology policies. Strengthening of research and development in and for developing countries and , their linkage to the production system (Programme Area 7) 1. Enhancement of research and development capacities and linkages with the productive sectors in.developing countries. 2. Utilization and commercialization-of publicly funded and supported.research-and development. 3. Formulation of appropriate strategies for facilitating pharmaceutical supplies to developing countries. 4. Utilization and .commercialization of United Nations System funded research and development for the benefit of developing countries. _ 45 _ Strengthening of co-operation in the field of science and technology among developing countries and between developing and developed countries (Programme Area 8) 1. Scientific and technological co-operation among developing countries.in-technology services. g f i l A - 46 . ANNEX IX SUBMISSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (UNIDO) Science and Technology Activities of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization in the Caribbean region UNIDO initiated the establishment of the Caribbean Technological Consultancy Services (CTCS) together with the Caribbean Development Bank. The concept of the CTCS is conceived as a mechanism by which knowledge and skills already accumulated but scattered throughout the region be mobilized and applied to respond to the need of Caribbean industries. The CTCS project is being efficiently managed by the CDB with satisfied - clients. UNIDO intends to present the case of the forthcoming -panel meeting of the Advisory Committee on Science and Technology for Development to be held in Lima, Peru in September 1983. UNIDO also established.the Technological Information Exchange Network (TIEN) for Industrial Development-Finance Institutions (IDFI) through a preparatory meeting of directors of IDFI's held in January 1982 in Bridgetown, Barbados, Through TIEN, development.banks can exchange information for the technological evaluation of projects submitted for financing. A high level expert meeting of.selected IDFI's is planned for late 1983, in«order to make the network fully operational. UNIDO organized, together with the.National Science and Research Council of Guyana, a National Seminar on Technology Transfer Management and .Industrial Development in Georgetown, in February 1981. The - purpose-NDf seminars like, these . i to stimulate action by develop.s ing countries at the national level-for the adoption of technology policies and plans, sensitizing them on the issues involved and providing the necessary conceptual and methodological basis for the national action.- A seminar on the Strengthening of National Capabilities in the Field of Development and Transfer of Technology was held in the Dominican Republic in March 1980, and a similar one is scheduled to be held in Trinidad from.7 to .11 November 1983, in co-operation with CARIRI and the local UNDP Office. In view of the energy situation.in the. developing.countries within the context of their overall.industrialization.efforts, the subject of new and renewable sources of energy has.become-increasingly highlighted. UNIDO already organized two seminars on mini-hydropower generation: one in Nepal in 1979; and one in.China.and the Philippines in 1980. UNIDO also assistedin the establishment of a Regional Centre for Research and Training in Small Hydropower in Hangzhou,.China, following the recommendations of the above two meetings. UNIDO is ready to assist, upon request, with the establishment of mini-hydropower generation in the Caribbean region, including site surveying, local.manufacturing of equipment, research and development, training, information, services etc. In this respect, UNIDO takes part in the project "Regional Renewable Energy Development Station", together with the CARICOM Secretariat, the Caribbean Development Bank and the CCST, UNIDO assisted a CARICOM mission to visit and establish contacts with relevant agencies in several European countries. A follow-up of this mission is anticipated for August 1983, when the. feasibility study presently-elaborated.by ENERPLAN for CARICOM is completed. UNIDO is hoping to fully support the initiatives and expects to assist in.the execution of some of the projects at the proposed station. The UNIDO-Programme on Technological-Advances was.designed to increase awareness of decision-makers in. developing countries through early identification and assessment of new technologies.and their implications on the socio-economic development.of these countries.. In addition to studies, expert meetings and information.bulletins, emphasis has been laid on international co-operation of science and-technology institutions, promotion of national science and technology strategies and technical assistance as required by developing countries. At the International Forum on Technological Advances and Development held in Tbilisi, USSR, from 12 to 16 April 1983, the International Experts discussed the implications of technological developments in the following - 484- relevance to INTIB ; and informatics as-a.feature of industrial technologies in any sector of industry, a factor.which has to be taken into account in the proper selection-of.advanced technology. An expert group.meeting on Implications.of Micro-rElectronics for the ECLA-region was organized by UNIDO .in co-operation with ECLA, in June 1982 in Mexico, at which the socio-reconomic.implications of micro-electronic-advances--were analyzed .and a. Co-operative Latin American Programme of Action in the field of micro-electronics recommended. 7. The implications -of advanced technologies - on.the.Caribbean economies will be discussed at the forthcoming.Caribbean Regional Workshop on Emerging Technologies in early 1984. The main objective of this workshop is the sensitization of high level politicians on emerging technologies, especially in-the agricultural and agro-industry field, and on the.applications.of micro-electronics in various industries; UNIDO will give its full.support-to-CCST .and-UNESCO-in.the preparation of this event. 8. With respect to the priority areas in science and-technology identified by the Ministers' Meeting in Jamaica, .UNIDO is.prepared to assist the Caribbean.countries in both areas, -but.particularly, in those of an industrial nature,- such as food processing or agricultural machinery, and the application of informatics in the industrial.sector. However, sponsorship with financial implications-would require consideration and approval by UNIDO's Project Review Committee. UNIDO is therefore prepared to.review projects proposed by-CCST with information on nature of activity, output expected, inputs required, etc., after which UNIDO's contribution can be decided. . UNIDO is.prepared to channel.funds through.CCST.when projects are approved and .funds .become available. * - . INTIB:.. UNIDO's I n d u s t r i a l .and-Technological ..Information Bank. - 494- - genetic engineering and biotechnology micro-electronics materials technologies petrochemicals energy from biomass and solar photovoltaic cells The expert meeting concluded that there 6X1S t S — c wide scope for the t application of new technologies-in developing- countries, and it was recommended that each country should establish.appropriate mechanisms to monitor and assess technological trends, especially in view of the lead time required for development of requisite technological capabilities, and to avoid the expensive and inappropriate imports of products and technologies. In addition, the Forum requested UNIDO i) to examine the possibility of convening a technology summit at the highest policy level, ii) to work further on the concept of Technologies For Humanity involving the designation of a limited number of new advanced technologies to meet particular needs of a clear and urgent character to the human community. With respect to genetic engineering and biotechnology which have important implications on developing-countries-especially in the field of agriculture, UNIDO promotes the establishment of an International Centre for Genetic Engineering and-Biotechnology (ICGEB) which will provide training, research, application.and information on technological advances in genetic engineering-and biotechnology. It.is expected that the Plenipotentiary Meeting on Ministerial level on the Establishment of the ICGEB, which .will-be held at Madrid Spain, from 7^13 September-1983, will sign.the final document for establishing the Centre as well as.decide on its location. In the field of Micro-Electronics, UNIDO co-operates with the Intergovernmental Bureau £or Informatics (IBI) in the preparation of the Intergovernmental Conferences on Strategies and Policies for Information (SPIN) which.cover.such -areas as applications of informatics; informatics as a sector of industry.per se, and hence of -50- ANNEX X SUBMISSION OF THE REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID) Statement by Dr. H.A. Minners, Science Adviser Agency for International Development Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Mr. Chairman, Fellow Representatives, Colleagues, I welcome this opportunity to participate in today's meeting of agencies with common interests in science and technology. Such a meeting has very great meaning to the Agency for International Development because we accord very high priority to our own scientific and technological efforts. Early in his Administration, President . Reagan set a clear direction for U.S. development assistance efforts. The • Administration has delineated that policy by focusing AID's efforts around a policy dialogue with host countries that promotes: - institution building - generation and transfer of technology - development of private enterprise as an integrated.part of economic growth and development. Furthermore, we in AID have recently published individual policy papers on topics such as approaches to - this.policy dialogue, institutional development, private enterprise development, and on more technical topics such as food and agricultural development, forestry, nutrition, health, domestic water and sanitation, and basic education and technical training. Clearly, scientific and technical content is being woven through.the very fabric of virtually all AID programmes. - 514- I would like to draw your attention to a few details of two new initiatives to give you a better sense of the variety.and intensity of our commitment. For example, a Bureau of Science and Technology has been established, and is headed by a widely recognized scientist, Dr. Nyle C. Brady, who was formerly Director-General.of the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. This new Bureau is guiding an Agency-wide effort to make more efficient use of the funds available for research. This effort involves focussing Agency programmes more sharply on priority research topics, mobilizing the talents of the U.S. scientific community to address development problems,.and building up the capacity of developing countries themselves to carry out research on problems that constrain their growth. As increasing number of AID's research projects are designed to stimulate collaborative linkages between developing country researchers and their U.S. counterparts. Such research projects also seek to establish and strengthen.research networks among.institutions in developing countries. These networks draw on the strengths of existing national and international facilities. Thus, in addition to the fruits of the research itself, the projects will enhance the participation of scientists from developing countries in the world scientific community. f With advice from, scientists . i U.S. universities and the private .n sector, the Bureau for Science and Technology has led an exercise to establish Agency-wide research priorities in.terms that will mean greater focus and substance for the totality of AID's research activities. This process is in the final consultative phases, but I fully expect that research priorities will focus on the following kinds of topics: Agriculture improved production, in less.favorable environments, e.g., areas with deficient-rainfall.or steep slopes, crop and.animal.protection by the most cost-effective and environmentally, acceptable-means, e.g., genetic resistance, biological control, etc. < < e - .minimum-purchased-ínput - systems, e.g.-biological nitrogen fixation; improved fertilizer, irrigation and drainage practices. use of livestock in mixed farming systems, including agroforestry. In these efforts, we have well-established-linkages-and co-operation with the International Agricultural Research Centres. Health and Biomedical Research - infectious disease control, particularly ..acute respiratory infections ..enteric diseases.and.oral rehydration therapy ..selected parasitic diseases, notably malaria ..viral diseases These efforts include close support and co-ordination with parallel international efforts such as the WHO Special Programme for Research' ' and Training in Tropical Diseases -(TDR) and the-International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research - Bangladesh. Contraceptive Development - new and better long-acting methods - product development and procedures, e.g., licensing, packaging, regulatory liaison, and approval. Fuelwood . - stock development,-including.selection, improvement and preparation - forest establishment, culture and management - process implementation, e.g. land use, extension, technology transfer and management. Finally, I would like to make brief.reference to another AID research effort, this one entirely new and.with new funding. In 1981, an AID Science Adviser was appointed with a mandate to undertake new and innovative research directed toward problems confronting developing countries. A new Programme in Science and Technology.Co-operation (PSTC) was started,.and currently operates through a system of competitive research grants. Part of the available-funds-have-been granted-to .the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. AID's relationship with-the Academy has been longstanding, primarily through a series of technical and .policy workshops, and an excellent series.of-publications has resultedBut more recently, the NAS has been.additionally able to .make grants for.scientific research. Mr. John Hurley is with us today and.can provide-more information about the NAS programme. Suffice it to say that grant.support is provided to LDC scientists (only) for research in six, carefully defined areas. In a somewhat.complementary manner, the Office of.the.Science Adviser also has a separate programme which.seeks applications for research support from both LDC and U.S. investigators. Whereas most of AID's research efforts focus on so-called "vertical" priorities such as fuelwood, energy, malaria, and biological nitrogen fixation, the Science-Adviser's grants seek innovations in somewhat. crossr-cutting disciplines... the research itself can include plants, animals or human systems. The five priority areas of interest are: - biotechnology/immunology - biotechnology/plants - chemistry for world food needs - biomass resources and.conversion technology - biological control of selected diseases and their vectors. There is also.a series of secondary.priorities which include engineering technology, earth sciences, marine sciences and genetic resources. There is also appropriately close co-ordination with the parallel National Academy of Sciences efforts, and indeed, NAS publications have formed the basis for establishing some of these.and a number of other Agency priorities in research. The competitive research grants programme makes awards after an objective peer review on the basis of scientific merit, relevance to development, innovation, and potential to.build LDC capacity. In this respect, this programme resembles the research that might be supported by a university grants board or national research council. - 54- I would be happy to provide-additional-information about how scientists in developing countries might apply for research support from this new programme. We are particularly-pleased to be able to offer this new opportunity for scientists to compete for support of their more innovative research. I hope my remarks have.stimulated your interest in AID's new initiatives in science and technology. .There are, of course, a very much wider variety of scientific efforts sponsored by AID. But I hope these serve.to illustrate our truly fresh and strong commitment in this important area. We look upon meetings.such as this as valuable opportunities to exchange.information and, upon occasion, to learn of new initiatives that use research approaches to solve problems which impede national development. v i t ANNEX XI S U B M I S S I O N OF THE R E P R E S E N T A T I V E FROM THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) Statement by The W o r l d M e t e o r o l o g i c a l Organization Few o f u s w o u l d b e h e r e w e r e we n o t c o n v i n c e d o f o f o u r own p a r t i c u l a r our region. areâ of e x p e r t i s e the to the economic w e l f a r e We d o . t e n d t o g e t i s o l a t e d . i n o u r own i v o r y p e r h a p s i t becomes s o m e t h i n g o f a s h o c k t o d i s c o v e r t h a t b e , do n o t a t t r i b u t e i s now v e r y f o r c e f u l l y very t i g h t economic environment. towers that the t h e same l e v e l o f p r i o r i t i e s This importance powers existing I n t e r n a t i o n a l Meteorology has is and t h a t we d o . drawn to o u r a t t e n t i o n i n the e s c a p e d u n s c a t h e d and C a r i b b e a n M e t e o r o l o g y of not reeling. The objectives of the Caribbean.Council for Science and Technology (CCST) are realistic, and its statement that its work programme must be capable of giving tangible results within.a given time frame etc. before endorsement, is a refreshing-approach, based no doubt on the recognition of the gaps between our perception of the issues and those of the decision makers and the need to provide concrete results The W o r l d M e t e o r o l o g i c a l i t s Members i s Meteorology, h i s t o r y of committed.to Organization a similar approach.in i t s Operational Hydrology.and a l l i e d co-operation.with increasing activities the World i n v o l v e d i n the areas r e l e v a n t Members who a r e to t h i s (CMO) w h i c h c o m p r i s e s o f . f i f t e e n eight-(8) (15) in this and be opera- Organi- English-speaking o f w h i c h a r e WMO Members a n d w h i c h O r g a n i z a t i o n h a s pursuing activities a body. M e n t i o n s h o u l d b e made o f . t h e C a r i b b e a n M e t e o r o l o g i c a l zation in World. i n S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y , WMO w i l l happy to c o - o p e r a t e i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h i t s tionally and has Technological i n t h i s ..part o f from operations sciences, the S c i e n t i f i c - a n d By v i r t u e o f o u r g r o w i n g Membership their (WMO) b y i t s m a n d a t e realm o f . S c i e n c e and Technology. Members been At present i t s Caribbean Meteorological I n s t i t u t e . (CMI) a p a r t i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h the Caribbean Development-Bank.(CDB) and S o l a r energy study for some i s l a n d s Operational Hydrology - I n s t i t u t e undertaking ed w i t h y o u r studies data c o l l e c t i o n and a r c h i v i n g final phase, associat- that it to v i s u a l i s e is relations influence dupli- climatological One d o e s n o t t h e many o t h e r a r e a s i n programme a p p e a r s a l s o .to b e a m u s t , that dictates have which resources. t h e p u b l i c m u s t be made a w a r e o f o u r u t i l i t y , their purposes t h e amount o f concerned. and the tremendous waste of . l i m i t e d A concerted public f o r the f i e l d a l o n e as f a r as i n the Caribbean i s to s t r e t c h the i m a g i n a t i o n too f a r persists, activities s u p p o r t e d when o n e c o n s i d e r s c a t i o n known t o u s i n t h e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l important is The CMO w o u l d a l s o w i s h t o b e c o - o r d i n a t i o n of our v a r i o u s o u t l i n e d are very s o l i d l y is and field body. The n e e d f o r this An and i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n the u n d e r . t h e CMO u m b r e l l a , f o r Member S t a t e s . is c o n d u c t i n g a Wind i n the E a s t e r n Caribbean. for training of Hydrology has j u s t begun a c t i v i t i e s from T r a i n i n g , the priorities. for since in it the « 1 i « k t p 1 I i ì t »