S R E I ECLAC WASHINGTON S E OFFICE studies and perspectives O 5 bservatory of customs controls for United States imports: technical standards Raquel Artecona Fernando A. Flores Washington, D.C., February 2010 This document was prepared by Raquel Artecona, Economic Affairs Officer and Fernando A. Flores, Research Assistant, under the supervision of Inés Bustillo, Director, all of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Washington Office, as part of the project activities for the “Program to Strengthen Trade Related Capacities in the Context of the FTAA”, funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and implemented by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Rex García processed and obtained access to historical data from the Operational and Administrative System for Import Support (OASIS) database. The views expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. United Nations Publications ISSN printed version: 1727-9909 ISBN: 978-92-1-323318-4 LC/L.3058-P LC/WAS/L.108 Original: Spanish Sales No.: S.09.II.G.56 Copyright © United Nations, February 2010. All rights reserved Applications for the right to reproduce this work are welcomed and should be sent to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations Headquarters, New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and inform the United Nations of such reproduction. ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Contents Abstract .................................................................................................... 5 I. Introduction .................................................................................... 7 A. Countries, years and sources ...................................................... 8 B. Variables ..................................................................................... 9 II. Customs refusals ............................................................................. 11 A. United States imports of foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals ........................................................................ 11 B. Refusals by United States customs: some trends...................... 13 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 17 Annexes Annex 1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 4 Annex 5 .................................................................................................. 19 List of countries and regions included in the database ............. 20 Two-digit industrial codes ........................................................ 21 Codes for reasons for refusal .................................................... 22 Port of entry district codes........................................................ 22 Most affected industries (2006-2008)....................................... 23 Studies and Perspectives series, Washington: Issues published ................................................................................ 25 3 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Tables TABLE II.1 TABLE II.2 TABLE II.3 TABLE II.4 TABLE II.5 TABLE II.6 VALUE OF UNITED STATES IMPORTS BY REGION ................................................... 12 IMPORTS OF COSMETICS AND PHARMACEUTICALS ............................................... 13 SHARE OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CUSTOMS REFUSALS BY REGION .............. 14 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: SHARE OF SUBREGIONS IN TOTAL REFUSALS ............................................................................................................. 14 MOST COMMON REASONS FOR REFUSAL BY UNITED STATES CUSTOMS ........ 15 MAIN REASONS FOR REFUSAL BY REGION ............................................................... 15 4 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Abstract In the light of the increasing trade links between Latin America and the Caribbean and the United States, the potential opportunity that these links offer for the region’s economic development and the growing significance of food and cosmetic industries in the basket of goods imported by the United States, the importance of technical standards and regulations for international trade in this type of goods is the subject of mounting concern in the region. In this context, the region’s governments have indicated their need to know the number of annual refusals at ports of entry into the United States, those products most affected and the most common reasons for refusal, with a view to developing the technical and institutional capacities required to streamline the movement of goods and services across the border with the United States. In order to satisfy this need for technical assistance, the ECLAC Office in Washington has created a database of the number of refusals by country and by product and the reasons for the refusal for the period 20012008, to be continuesly updated. For the first six years there is information for 18 coutries of the region, from 2006 forward, the database has information on all of the coutries of the world for which accurate and reliable information exists. The aim of this document is to present the extended database and make it available to all those interested. 5 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 I. Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Introduction World trade in food has increased dramatically over the last few decades, partly because of growing worldwide food consumption per capita. The United States is no exception. Food consumption per capita in the world’s largest economy has grown by around 6% in the past 10 years. At the same time, a rising percentage of the food consumed in the United States is supplied from abroad. In 2005, 13 dollars of every 100 dollars spent on food in the United States went on imported products (of which 3.5 dollars was spent on food from Latin America and the Caribbean). The production, processing, distribution and sale of food go hand in hand with the inherent risks in terms of safety and hygiene. Growth in world trade in agrifood products has therefore seen a simultaneous increase in the number of standards and regulations, as well as a rise in their levels of stringency and enforcement. The purpose of these standards is to avoid the spread of diseases, pests, toxins and other contaminants contained in the products. Examples include the standards for processing meat and poultry, the reduction in the acceptable quantities of residual pesticides in fruit and vegetables and the fumigation of grain containers to eliminate certain pests. In the case of food products and pharmaceuticals, there are also requirements relating to packaging and labelling standards, the registration of the producers, certification of processes and the certification of the nutritional values stated. 7 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Thus, although the figures point to the huge potential of the argrifood market for the region’s exports, both the sheer number and the range of the standards in force represent a major challenge for international trade in these products. This is reflected in the significant and growing number of refusals of these products at borders. The said refusals are the result of random product inspections carried out at the border of the destination markets. In the light of the increasing trade links between Latin America and the Caribbean and the United States and the potential opportunity that these links offer for the region’s economic development, several of the region’s governments have indicated their need to know the number of annual refusals in ports of entry into the United States, those products most affected and the most common reasons for refusal, with a view to developing the technical and institutional capacities required to streamline the movement of goods and services across the border with the United States. In order to satisfy this need for technical assistance, the ECLAC Office in Washington has created a database of the number of refusals by country and by product and the reasons for the refusal for 18 of the region’s countries during the period 2001-2005. The database was presented in the following document: “La exportación de alimentos a Estados Unidos: principales desafíos para América Latina y el Caribe y guía de acceso a la información” (Artecona & Steneri, 2008). Since 2006, the database has information on all of the world’s countries for which accurate and reliable information exists. The aim of this document is to present the extended database and make it available to all those interested. A. Countries, years and sources The Operational and Administrative System for Import Support (OASIS) database of the Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) records imports refused in the various ports of entry into the United States. OASIS documents all refusals of foreign products on the United States border and presents the information online on a monthly basis. The information is for the current year. At any one time there is information for exactly 12 months, so that when one month’s information is made public, the information for the oldest month is removed. In the interests of a more complete analysis of the number of and most common reasons for refusal, those products most affected and the trends over time, it was considered important to include a series of historical data in the database. As this information is not public once it has been removed from the website, a special request was submitted to FDA, in application of the 2003 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Various agencies, including the Department of Homeland Security, gave their consent. The information obtained was used to create a database with the following characteristics: • For 18 of the region’s countries there is information for the period 2001-2005. The countries included in the historical database are: Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay. • For February 2006 to the present, the existing database is expanded to include data for all countries for which accurate and reliable information exists: there are currently 110 countries in the database (see annex 1). 8 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 B. Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Variables The variables included in the database are: • Country: country of origin of the product. • Region: each country is assigned a region, in accordance with the classification of the United Nations Statistics Division . • Industry: each product is assigned an industry, in accordance with the FDA classification. Annex 2 includes the two-digit code for each branch of industry. The three-digit disaggregation is available in electronic form for those interested . • Date of refusal: day, month and year. • Reason: the database shows the codes for the reasons of refusal. The description of the codes can be found in annex 3, which is only available in electronic form . • Port of entry: port where the product was refused. The description of port codes can be found in annex 4. It should be pointed out that each refusal corresponds to a line, in other words if the same shipment was rejected for more than one reason, it is counted more than once. All of the reasons for the refusal of a single product are therefore identified. The total number of refusals can thus be higher than the number of shipments inspected. 9 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards II. Customs refusals Except for most meats - which are regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) - food, drugs, cosmetics, medical equipment and electronic items that emit radiation can be subject to inspection by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in order to guarantee their safety and compliance with the standards and regulations in force in the United States. It should be pointed out that only 1% of freight is inspected by United States customs. A. United States imports of foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals The food imports of the United States represented over US$ 100 billion in the three-year period 2006-2008. Almost one third of those imports were from Latin America and the Caribbean, which is the main region providing food products to the United States. The region exports mainly sea products and horticultural products. 11 (US$ thousands) Latin America & Caribbean Asia North America Oceania Europe Africa World Traditional tropical products Coffee, cocoa and tea 3 157 709 1 277 786 937 182 67 553 955 519 728 752 28 331 40 852 11 984 270 36 797 5 597 123 830 1 458 658 305 226 799 952 83 633 211 874 37 418 2 896 761 Tree nuts, peanuts and spices 581 381 1 094 847 76 719 21 828 107 793 93 950 1 976 620 Other traditional tropical products 299 024 2 581 069 124 110 9 916 1 097 903 193 315 4 306 335 5 525 102 5 299 781 1 949 947 183 200 2 409 886 1 059 030 16 428 047 1 627 832 821 385 4 439 903 2 148 008 880 238 23 010 9 940 379 2 853 264 Natural fibres and cotton Sugar and related products Subtotal 7 124 501 Products from temperate zones Livestock, meat and poultry products 241 053 131 525 407 899 819 664 1 248 487 4 637 Grains and barley 12 Dairy products 666 615 1 223 199 3 455 781 78 621 1 058 784 19 750 6 503 640 Vegetable oils 670 506 2 324 275 2 025 862 19 593 1 342 651 174 546 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 TABLE II.1 VALUE OF UNITED STATES IMPORTS BY REGION: AVERAGE 2006-2008 6 557 433 Seeds for planting 86 470 181 146 23 449 119 570 3 426 679 613 2 653 363 4 086 571 9 807 963 247 337 1 705 747 129 343 18 630 329 Subtotal 6 124 920 8 673 426 20 318 554 3 336 672 6 355 477 354 712 45 164 658 3 112 059 7 003 239 2 237 716 317 265 879 153 119 683 13 679 604 Fishing and horticulture Fishing products Horticulture products 12 615 554 3 087 486 3 515 674 199 683 5 882 927 200 674 25 502 059 Subtotal 15 727 612 10 090 726 5 753 390 516 948 6 762 079 320 357 39 181 663 Other products Tobacco and products 831 587 309 530 79 683 4 127 162 44 709 1 392 675 Fruit/vegetable juice and wine 1 206 305 663 177 65 192 891 139 3 218 047 58 741 6 102 601 Subtotal 2 037 892 972 707 144 875 891 143 3 345 209 103 450 7 495 276 29 415 526 25 036 640 28 166 766 4 927 962 18 872 652 1 837 549 108 269 644 Total Source: ECLAC, based on data from the United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, FASonline , [date: 17 March 2009]. Observatory of customs control…: technical standards 265 552 Forest products ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Imports of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products represented US$ 95 billion in the 2006-2007 biennium, with Europe as the main region of origin (US$ 69 billion), followed by the rest of North America. TABLE II.2 IMPORTS OF COSMETICS AND PHARMACEUTICALS (US$ millions) 2006 Africa North America Latin America & Caribbean Asia Europe Oceania World 2007 2006-2007 16.4 19.0 35.5 3 889.3 5 218.3 9 107.6 481.4 335.5 816.9 7 580.6 9 023.0 16 603.7 32 262.0 36 446.3 68 708.3 290.3 260.6 550.9 44 520.8 51 302.7 95 823.6 Source: ECLAC, based on data from the COMTRADE database. B. Refusals by United States customs: some trends Every year, tens of thousands of foreign products are refused at ports of entry into the United States (see table II.3). In terms of regions, the refusals are mainly from Asia and Europe, which together account for 70% of all refusals made between 2006 and 2008. Almost half of all customs refusals involved products from Asia, which shows that Asia is overrepresented in refusals with respect to the proportion of U.S. imports of foods, cosmetics and medications that come from Asia. Asia is followed by Europe, which accounts for 24% of refusals, and then Latin America and the Caribbean, with 18%. The interception of products from lower-income regions such as Africa is minimal. In terms of specific countries, a handful are responsible for most refusals. Out of developing countries, most refusals are from countries such as China (7,151), India (8,433) and Mexico (6,052). Over 40% of refusals from Latin America and the Caribbean are for products from Mexico, which is natural given that this country is the third main supplier of foreign products to the United States. Around 20% of all refusals recorded between 2006 and 2008 were concentrated on a few industries: fish and seafood, fruit and vegetables, sweets, non-alcoholic beverages, cosmetics and food supplements such as vitamins and proteins and other dietary products (see annex 5 for a complete list of the most affected industries). There were significant numbers of refusals of specific medications in the seven regions considered. For products from North America and Asia, vitamins/minerals/proteins were the most affected. Cosmetics from Europe and North America were also refused extremely frequently. In terms of subregions of Latin America and the Caribbean, the most affected industries in Central America (including Mexico) were fruit, vegetables, non-alcoholic beverages and specific medications. As for the Caribbean, the most seriously affected categories were sea products, fruits and vegetables, while most refusals from South America corresponded to fish and seafood, specific medications and cosmetics. 13 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards TABLE II.3 SHARE OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CUSTOMS REFUSALS BY REGION (2006-2008) Share of world total (Percentages) Number North America 6 050 Africa 8.2 13 379 Latin America & Caribbean 18.1 1 717 2.3 Asia 33 968 46.0 Europe 17 845 24.1 Oceania 891 1.2 73 850 Total 100 Source: ECLAC, based on data from OASIS. TABLE II.4 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: SHARE OF SUBREGIONS IN TOTAL REFUSALS (2006-2008) Share (Percentages) Number Exports to the U.S. (US$ millions) South America 2 862 19.3 Caribbean 3 590 24.2 5 335.7 Central America (inc. Mexico) 8 376 56.5 220 180.9 6 052 40.8 216 834.1 14 828 100 288 167.1 Mexico Total 62 650.5 Source: ECLAC, based on data from OASIS. An analysis of the ten main reasons for refusal at the world level, which account for over 60% of total refusals in the ports of entry to the United States, shows a clear prevalence (7 out of 10) of refusals related to non-compliance with rules and procedures established by the United States regulatory system. These include deficiencies, inaccuracies and other flaws on the product labelling, as well as failure to request approval and/or registration of a manufacturing process or product. Only three of the 10 main reasons (or 16.5% of all refusals) identify the presence of a substance or condition that may be harmful to health (see table II.5). These are the presence of a color additive considered harmful to health, the presence of salmonella or the presence of filth in the product or packaging. However, a large percentage of refusals of products from Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean involve deficiencies relating to health and hygiene requirements. In the case of Latin America and the Caribbean, one third of refusals are due to the presence of pesticides in higher quantities than those considered harmless for human health, the presence of salmonella or filth/decomposition of a product. In the case of Asia, 17% of exports are refused at United States ports because of filth/decomposition of a product or the presence of salmonella (see table II.6). The rest of the regions show a pattern more similar to the overall trend, with a prevalence of products refused because they have not been approved (in the case of a drug), do not list all ingredients or other labelling deficiencies. 14 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards TABLE II.5 MOST COMMON REASONS FOR REFUSAL BY UNITED STATES CUSTOMS (2006-2008) Total refusals (Percentages) Reason code Description of reason UNAPPROVED 9.5 The article appears to be a new drug without an approved new drug application. NOT LISTED 9.1 It appears the drug or device is not included in a list required by Section 510(j), or a notice or other information respecting it was not provided as required by section 510(j) or 510(k). FILTHY 7.1 The article appears to consist in whole or in part of a filthy, putrid, or decomposed substance or be otherwise unfit for food. NUTRIT LBL 6.9 The article appears to be misbranded in that the label or labeling fails to bear the required nutrition information. NO PROCESS 6.3 It appears that the manufacturer has not filed information on its scheduled process as required by 21 CFR 108.25(c)(2) or 108.35(c)(2). UNSAFE COL 5.1 The article appears to be a color additive for the purposes of coloring only in or on drugs or devices, and is unsafe within the meaning of Section 721(a). LACKS N/C 4.8 The food/article is in package form and appears to not have a label containing an accurate statement of the quantity of the contents in terms of weight, measure or numerical count and no variations or exemptions have been prescribed by regulations. NEEDS FCE 4.6 It appears the manufacturer is not registered as a low acid canned food or acidified food manufacturer pursuant to 21 CFR 108.25(c)(1) or 108.35(c)(1). SALMONELLA 4.3 The article appears to contain Salmonella, a poisonous and deleterious substance which may render it injurious to health. LIST INGRE 4.0 It appears the food is fabricated from two or more ingredients and the label does not list the common or usual name of each ingredient. Source: ECLAC, based on data from OASIS. TABLE II.6 MAIN REASONS FOR REFUSAL BY REGION, AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE REGION’S TOTAL REFUSALS (2006-2008) North America Latin America & Caribbean Africa Asia Europe Oceania 1. UNAPPROVED PESTICIDE UNAPPROVED FILTHY NUTRIT LBL NUTRIT LBL 2. NOT LISTED FILTHY NOT LISTED NO LISTED LACKS N/C UNAPPROVED 3. NUTRIT LBL UNAPPROVED NUTRIT LBL UNAPPROVED NO LISTED NOT LISTED 4. NO 510(K) NO ENGLISH NO PROCESS NO PROCESS UNAPPROVED LIST INGRE 5. LABELING SALMONELLA LACKS N/C SALMONELLA NO PROCESS UNSAFE COL Source: ECLAC, based on data from OASIS. 15 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Bibliography Artecona, Raquel and Carlos Steneri Berro (2008), “La exportación de alimentos a Estados Unidos: principales desafíos para América Latina y el Caribe y guía de acceso a la información”, Studies and Perspectives Series, No. 2 (LC/WAS/L.96), Washington, D.C., ECLAC office in Washington, D.C., August. United Nations publication, Sales No. S.08.II.G.10. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) (2009), “Import refusal reports for Operational and Administrative System for Import Support (OASIS)” [online] http://www.fda.gov/ora/oasis/ora_oasis_ref.html . Hubbard, William K. (2003), “Response letter regarding importation of foreign medications. Letter from the Associate Commissioner for Policy and Planning, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to Robert Lombardi, The Kullman Firm”, Washington, D.C., 13 February, unpublished. Jaffee, Steven and Spencer Henson (2005), “Agro-food exports from developing countries: the challenges posed by standards”, Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries, Washington, D.C., World Bank. Williamson, John and Molly Mahar (1998), “A survey of financial liberalization”, Essays in International Finance, No. 211, November. 17 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Annexes 19 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Annex 1 List of countries and regions included in the database* Africa Algeria Benin Cameroon Congo Ivory Coast Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Kenya Liberia Madagascar Malawi Morocco Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria DZ BJ CM CG CI EG ER ET GA GM GH KE LR MG MW MA MU MZ NA NG Democratic Rep. of the Congo CD Republic of Guinea GN Senegal SN Seychelles SC Sierra Leone SL Somalia SO South Africa ZA Sudan SD Tanzania TZ Togo TG Tunisia TN Uganda UG Zambia ZM Zimbabwe ZW North America Bermuda Islands Canada United States BM CA US Latin America & Caribbean Antigua & Barbuda AG Netherlands Antilles AN Argentina AR Aruba AW Bahamas BS Barbados BB Belize BZ Bolivia (Plurinational State of) BO Brazil BR Chile CL Colombia CO Costa Rica CR Dominica DM Ecuador EC El Salvador SV Grenada GD Guadeloupe GP Guatemala GT Guyana GY French Guyana GF Haiti Honduras Cayman Islands Turks & Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands Jamaica Martinique Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis HT HN KY TC VI VG JM MQ MX NI PA PY PE PR DO KN Saint Vincent & the Grenadines VC Saint Lucia LC Suriname SR Trinidad & Tobago TT Uruguay UY Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) VE Asia Afghanistan Saudi Arabia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Cambodia China Republic of Korea United Arab Emirates Philippines Georgia Hong Kong SAR, China India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kuwait Laos Lebanon Macao Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Singapore Syria Sri Lanka Thailand Taiwan Province, China Turkey Uzbekistan Viet Nam Yemen 20 AF SA AM AZ BD KH CN KR AE PH GE HK IN ID IR IL JP JO KW LA LB MO MY MV MN NP OM PK PS SG SY LK TH TW TR UZ VN YE Europe Albania Germany Austria Belgium Belarus Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Cyprus Croatia Denmark Slovakia Slovenia Spain Estonia Russian Federation Finland France United Kingdom Greece Netherlands Hungary Ireland Iceland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Norway Poland Portugal Czech Republic Romania Serbia (formerly YU) Sweden Switzerland Ukraine AL DE AT BE BY BA BG CY HR DK SK SI ES EE RU FI FR GB GR NL HU IE IS IT LV LI LT LU MK MT MD MC NO PL PT CZ RO RS SE CH UA Oceania Australia Fiji Cook Islands Micronesia New Caledonia New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea French Polynesia Samoa American Samoa Tonga Vanuatu AU FJ CK FM NC NZ PW PG PF WS AS TO VU * as of July 2009. ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Annex 2 Two-digit industrial codes* 02-Whole Grain/Milled Grain Prod/Starch 03-Bakery Prod/Dough/Mix/Icing 04-Macaroni/Noodle Prod 05-Cereal Prep/Breakfast Food 06-N/A 07-Snack Food Item 08-N/A 09-Milk/Butter/Dried Milk Prod 10-N/A 11-N/A 12-Cheese/Cheese Prod 13-Ice Cream Prod 14-Filled Milk/Imit Milk Prod 15-Egg/Egg Prod 16-Fishery/Seafood Prod 17-Meat, Meat Products and Poultry 18-Vegetable Protein Prod 19-N/A 20-Fruit/Fruit Prod 21-Fruit/Fruit Prod 22-Fruit/Fruit Prod 23-Nuts/Edible Seed 24-Vegetables/Vegetable Products 25-Vegetables/Vegetable Products 26-Vegetable Oils 27-Dressing/Condiment 28-Spices, Flavors and Salts 29-Soft Drink/Water 30-Beverage Bases/Conc/Nectar 31-Coffee/Tea 32-Alcoholic Beverage 33-Candy W/O Choc/Special/Chew Gum 34-Choc/Cocoa Prod 35-Gelatin/Rennet/Pudding Mix/Pie Filling 36-Food Sweeteners (Nutritive) 37-Mult Food Dinner/Grav/Sauce/Special 38-Soup 39-Prep Salad Prod 40-Baby Food Prod 41-Dietary Conv Food/Meal Replacements 42-N/A 43-N/A 44-N/A 45-Food Additives (Human Use) 46-Food Additives (Human Use) 47-N/A 48-N/A 49-N/A 50-Color Additive Food/Drug/Cosmetic 51 Food Service/Conveyance 52-Miscellaneous Food Related Items 53-Cosmetics 54-Vit/Min/Prot/Unconv Diet (Human/Animal) 55-Pharm Necess & Ctnr for Drug/Bio 56-Antibiotics (Human/Animal) 57-Bio & Licensed In-Vivo & In-Vitro Diag 60-Human and Animal Drugs 61-Human and Animal Drugs 62-Human and Animal Drugs 63-Human and Animal Drugs 64-Human and Animal Drugs 65-Human and Animal Drugs 66-Human and Animal Drugs 68-Animal Devices and Diagnostic Products 70-Animal Feed (Non-Medicated) 71-Byprodcts for Animal Foods 73-Anesthesiology 74-Cardiovascular 76-Dental 77-Ear, Nose and Throat 78-Gastroenterological & Urological 79-General & Plastic Surgery 80-General Hospital/Personal Use 85-Obstetrical & Gynecological 86-Ophthalmic 87-Orthopedic 88-Pathology 89-Physical Medicine 90-Radiological 91-Toxicology 94-Ionizing Non-Medical Devices and Components 95-Light Emitting Non-Device Products 96-Radio Frequency Emitting Products 97-Sound Emitting Products 98-N/A 99-Biologies/Animal Drug/Feed&Food/Medical Device/Rad. Health Warehouse * The three-digit industrial codes can be found at N/A means codes not yet allocated. 21 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Annex 3 Codes for reasons for refusal For the list of reasons for refusal, see the following website: Annex 4 Port of entry district codes Code ATL-DO Name City State Atlanta District Office Atlanta Georgia BLT-DO Baltimore District Office Baltimore Maryland CHI-DO Chicago District Office Chicago Illinois CIN-DO Cincinnati District Office Cincinnati Ohio DET-DO Detroit District Office Detroit Michigan FLA-DO Florida District Office Maitland Florida LOS-DO Los Angeles District Office Irvine California MIN-DO Minneapolis District Office Minneapolis Minnesota NOL-DO New Orleans District Office New Orleans Louisiana NWE-DO New England District Office Stoneham Massachusetts NYK-DO New York District Office Jamaica New York PHI-DO Philadelphia District Office Philadelphia Pennsylvania SAN-DO San Francisco District Office Alameda California SEA-DO Seattle District Office Bothell Washington SJN-DO San Juan District Office San Juan Puerto Rico SWI-DO Southwest Import District Dallas Texas Source: FDA, Food and Drug Administration. 22 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards Annex 5 Most affected industries (2006-2008) Name of industry 1. Industry code Drugs for people and animals, specific Number of refusals 66 V 3 849 3 219 2. Fish 16 A 3. Fruit (veg) 24 F 1 845 4. Chocolate sweets with no nuts or fruit 34 F 1 677 5. Hard sweets with no nuts or fruit 33 E 1 551 6. Sauces (not seafood) 37 J 1 458 7. Cosmetics, skincare preparations 53 L 1 379 8. Plant and botanical products (except teas) 54 F 1 376 9. 1 177 Carbonated beverage 29 B 10. Shellfish 16 J 982 11. Vitamins/minerals/proteins and other diet products not classified elsewhere 54 Y 979 12. Other condiments not classified elsewhere 27 Y 941 13. Whole spices 28 A 912 14. Uncarbonated beverage 29 A 873 15. Simple biscuits, cakes and wafers 03 H 871 16. Ground or powdered spices 28 B 867 17. Stoned fruits 21 G 786 18. Dental 76 E 777 19. Beans/peas/maize 24 A 769 20. Marine-farmed fish/seafood products 16 X 761 Source: ECLAC, based on data from OASIS. 23 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – Washington – No. 5 Observatory for customs controls…: technical standards ECLAC WASHINGTON OFFICE Series studies and perspectives Issues published A complete list as well as pdf files are available at www.cepal.org/publicaciones www.eclac.org/washington 5. Observatorio del control aduanero a las importaciones de Estados Unidos: estándares técnicos, Raquel Artecona y Fernando Flores, LC/L.3058-P, LC/WAS/L.103, N° de venta: S.09.II.G.56, (US$ 10), 2009. 4. The global financial crisis: what happened and what’s next, Inés Bustillo and Helvia Velloso, LC/L.3009-P, LC/WAS/L.101, N° de venta: E.09.II.G.15, (US$ 10), 2009. 3. Promoting corporate social responsibility in small and medium enterprises in the Caribbean: survey results, Georgina Núñez, Coordinator, LC/L.2930-P, LC/WAS/L.98, N° de venta: E.08.II.G.62, (US$ 10), 2008. 2. La exportación de alimentos a Estados Unidos: principales desafíos para América Latina y el Caribe y guía de acceso a la información, Raquel Artecona and Carlos Steneri Berro, LC/L.2865-P, LC/WAS/L.96, N° de venta: S.08.II.G.10, (US$ 10), 2008. 1. Status of agrifood regulatory coordination under the North American Free Trade Agreement, Ronald D. Knutson and Rene F. Ochoa, (LC/L.2797-P, LC/WAS/L.91), Sales No: E.07.II.G.131, (US$ 10), 2007. • Readers wishing to obtain the listed issues can do so by writing to: Distribution Unit, ECLAC, Casilla 179-D, Santiago, Chile, Fax (562) 210 2069, E-mail: publications@cepal.org; or to Publications, ECLAC Washington Office, 1825 K Street, NW, Suite 1120, Washington, DC 20006, USA, Fax (202) 296-0826, E-mail: info.eclacwash@eclac.org. Name: ............................................................................................................................................ Activity: ......................................................................................................................................... Address: ......................................................................................................................................... Postal code, city, country: .............................................................................................................. Tel.:................................... Fax: ..................................... E-mail: ................................................... 25