This article is based on the assertion that the existence of a dual techno-economic paradigm at the global level creates possibilities for the formation of a biotechnology-based endogenous core in Argentina. We argue, firstly, that key innovations are being defined in the field of biotechnology, in industries that are strategic owing to their significant impact on the health and food supply of the global population. Secondly, Argentina has considerable techno-productive capacities in these industries. Through a series of coordinated technological and industrial policy interventions, these activities could fulfil a pivotal role in sectoral specialization as part of a structural transformation programme.