Sección o Parte de un Documento 1995 es 382.3 B584L(58739) Corden, W. Max Coediciones NAFTA AMERICA LATINA LIBERALIZACION DEL INTERCAMBIO NEGOCIACIONES COMERCIALES TRATADOS ZONAS DE LIBRE COMERCIO FREE TRADE AREAS LATIN AMERICA TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TREATIES NAFTA Una zona de libre comercio en el Hemisferio Occidental: posibles implicancias para América Latina Incluye Bibliografía En: La liberalización del comercio en el Hemisferio Occidental - Washington, DC : BID/CEPAL, 1995 - p. 13-40 Proyecto Apoyo al Proceso de Liberalización Comercial en el Hemisferio Occidental http://hdl.handle.net/11362/1510 2014-01-02T14:51:16Z 2014-01-02T14:51:16Z Made available in DSpace on 2014-01-02T14:51:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1995 POLÍTICA COMERCIAL Y ACUERDOS COMERCIALES TRADE NEGOTIATIONS COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL E INTEGRACIÓN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INTEGRATION Texto REPORT ON INVENTORY OF THE PROBLEMS OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN TRINIDAD TOBAGO (u n e p / e g l a project) by Ronald A. Williams ^ Engineering Consultant 30?.31 A 0 Williams B.AeSc, (HONS), MoA.Se., M.E.I.Co F.I.PoHoEo is Chief Engineer (Environmental Systems) Trintoplan Consultants Ltd«, Port of Spain, Trinidad 44223 INVENTORY OF THE PROBLEMS OF THE ENVIRONNENT IN TRINIDAD TOBAGO (u n e p / e c l a PROJECT) INTRODUCTION 1„1 The Project 1.2 Description of Trinidad Tobago HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (HABITAT) 2.1 Water Supply 2.2 Sewerage 2.3 Drainage 2.4 Refuse Disposal 2.5 Town and Country Planning 2.6 Housing 2.7 Oorammity Sanitation 2.8 Development Projects 2.9 Other Problems HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (HEALTH AND WELFARE) 3.1 Environmental Pollution 3.1ol 3.1.2 301.3 Air Pollution Land Pollution Water Pollution 3.2 Food Sanitation 3.3 Environmental Education 3.4 Health Situation and Statistics 3.5 Deficiencies in Governmental Services 3.6 Other Problems ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES 4.1 Soil Resources 4.2 Water Resources = ii = . 4«3 4.4 Parks and Beaeh.es 4.5 Fisheries and Marine Pollution 4.6 5, Forestry Other Problems NATIONAL POLICIES AFFECTING ENVIRONMENT 5.1 L@®aX Institutions and Legislation 5.2 Industry and the Environment 5.2.1 5.2.2 Existing Industries Industrial Development 5.3 5*4 Publi® and Politisai Attitudes 5,5 6. Agriculture External Assistance CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Appendices I II III rv Y VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII List of persons in contact with Consultant in Trinidad Tobago List of reference documents for Trinidad Tobago Area9 Location and Climate of Trinidad Tobago Graph of Population Projections Water Supply Information Anti=P@llution Council Deaths and Death Bate Notifiable Infections,» etc, Diseases Road Accidents and Expenditure Industrial Accidents Utilization of Surface Areas (Land) Forestry Information Resume of Environmental Situation = Trinidad Tobago ■ 1, 1.1 INTRODUCTION The Projest A general survey of the environmental problems and inadequacies of Trinidad Tobago was undertaken during the period 9 - H September 1974, A List of the Persons in recent contact with the Consultant is at Appendix I® However* much of the following report is based on the Consultants own knowledge of his home country (Trinidad Tobago) and his experience in the environmental field, both at home and abroad. This survey is a part of the overall Inventory of The Problems of The Environment in Latin America being carried out by the UN Environment Programme in collaboration with the Economic Commission for Latin Amerisa, Many people in governmental and other posts who were interviewed or who are known to the Consultant all express a concern for the environmental problems and inadequacies that do exist and that will inevitably grow as the country develops, A List of reference documents used is given at Appendix II, 1.2 Description of Trinidad Tobago Trinidad Tobago is a 2=island State in the Caribbean lying at the north-eastern c o m e r of Venezuela, Trinidad itself, the most southerly link in the Caribbean -bain of islands, is located at 10° 30® North Latitude and 6 l® 45® West Longitude 5 and Tobag® is located 22 miles to the north-east, Trinidad is 1,864 gq® miles in area, and about 50 miles north-south by 37 miles east-west. Its flora, fauna and geological structure are similar to those of the Orinoco region of South America, Its green surface offers a variety of scenes - forested hills in the north, well-cultivated plains elsewhere, and numerous rivers and streams. The population was 905,930 in 1970, Tobago is at its greatest 116 sq® miles in area, and about 26 miles long feymiles breadth® volcanic origin surrounded The island is of by attractive heashts and much cleaner coastal waters than Trinidads® The population was 39?280 in 1970® The dry season is January to May and the average annual rainfall - The average annual temperature is about 76 is around 80 inches® Q F® The capital is Port of Spain in the north-west? and Trinidad is most noted for its oil resources and a fun loving way of life® years of British colonization 31 August 1962® the 2-igland After state became independenton Appendix III gives seme basic data a graph of population projections is at Appendix IV® of the country?and Unless otherwise mentioned? all references in this report are t© the larger island of Trinidad® The first comprehensive programne of development ©f the water resources of Trinidad Tobago was established in 1950? when 15 mgd was being supplied to a population of 620 ?000 « production was increased from. 16 mgd t® 4 mgd® From 1953 t@ 1965 In th© latter year? the Water and Sewerage Authority was formed by amalgamating six water authorities® In 1970 engineering consultants submitted a report on the entire subject entitled Trinidad T©bag© Water Study1 ® “ 5 At present there are 60 separate water supply systems supplying 60 mgd as follows? Surface - Groundwater - 22 mgd (most from Navet in the south and Hollis in the north) 30 ‘ mgd: (most from Northern Valleys and . Alluvial Pan in the north) The types and numbers ef water services ar©s Direct Connections Stand Pipes 9000 500 ?000 5,200 470,000 1 .1 5 Truck—borne Total 30 a 0 0 0 120,000 1, 000,000 Servises Population - 3 Waste and less are considered high, and together with fir e -fig h t in g * vary between 5-50$ as unaccounted-for1 water® 8 Water quality is well controlled, but supplies to both the greater Port of Spain area in the north and San Fernando in the south are inadequate« The expansion of Navet with a new lew dam will provide 7 mgd more to the south in 1976, while the Garoni-Arima projest due for completion in 1980 will provide 60 mgd to the north and south® Due to oil prise increases and, as a consequence, a rise in national revenue, Trinidad plans some heavy investment into industry in the Point Lisas area® The real constraint to that development is water supply to meet the industrial needs of thereafter® 2 »2 63 mgd in 1980 and (See Appendix V for Water Supply Information). Sewerage During the years 1902-63 Government undertook an island-wide sewerage projest which involved sewers and treatment plants for Port of Spain (sewage lagoons), San Fernando (trickling filter) and Arima (trickling filter)® Detailed information on this subject has been submitted with this report® In other smaller communities and for some institutions, small sewerage- systems exist® Trincity, between Port of Spain and the airport, is an example of this® Outside of these areas the homes are served with septic tanks and soakaway pits, while rural homes without a pipe-borne supply use the pit privy® (An anti-hookworm privy programme by Government hag been relatively successful)® There is a need for an expansion of sewerage facilities and an improvement in their maintenance and operation® The Port of Spain sewage lagoons for instance, are badly in need of dcsludging® Although seme industrial wastewater is received in the sewerage systems, much remains to be done in this area when they are expanded® The whole question of industrial waste disposal, especially fdr old industries, remains somewhat unconsidered as the country*s waterways become more polluted® - 4 - In a country with a high annual rainfall in fh© north where most of the population lives, drainage problems do exist and they can be acute, Th® run-off from the northern range of hills has to cross major roads (e.g, Eastern Main Road) t® join watercourses to run to sea. Due to housing development ©n higher ground many drains and culverts are no longer adequate, and flash flooding of various roads (e,g, Saddle Road to Maraval) is not uncommon. Almost as serious, is the lack of drain, canal and river mainten­ ance, The responsibility falls on the shoulders of more than one authority (e»g0 County Councils and Ministry of Works) and this causes confusion. 2,4 In addition, budgets and manpower are totally inadequate, Refuse Disposal Refuse collection and disposal are local government responsibilities. Collection for most neighbourhoods is three times a week. The major problem is in central Port of Spain, where dust-bins are routinely spilled by stray dogs before early morning collection crews arrive. In some areas where collection is by contractor, there are instances of unsatisfactory collection or transportation. But the real problem is in disposal. disposal is by dumping or land-filling. Throughout the country Because of the lack ©f soil cover and organized procedures, the method is not sanitary. Spontaneous combustion also leads to constant fires and between the odours and the smoke, downwind of these disposal areas is heavily air-polluted® The worst example is the Beetham Housing Project in eastern Port of Spain, downwind of the disposal area whieh is south of the Beetham Highway in the Laventille Swamp, Public place cleaning leaves a lot to be desired. In the dry season more street washing needs to he done while the maintenance of parks and other places should he intensified. - 5 There is a serious need for an up-to-date professional study of soild waste management throughout the country, from waste generation to disposal, 2,5 Town and Country Planning The Town and Country Planning Department in the Ministry of Planning and Development is strong and relatively well staffed. In 1971 as many as 2,865 plans for new buildings were approved, most of these being dwelling houses, A Master Plan for the country exists and building zones for residences, industry, etc® are clearly indicated, thus forming the basis for site approval, A new document under consideration is entitled Planning for Developments The National Framework, However, squatters® houses continue to mushroom throughout the hilly areas of the urban belt stretching 30 miles from Chaguaramas (west of Port of Spain) to Axima in the east all along the foothills of the state-owned northern mountain range. These squatter areas, although gradually supplied with electricity and water, generally lack the roads, drainage, sewerage and physical layout desirable for the average community. Of course, the houses themselves are unapproved by any authority. The oldest of such areas, the slums of Laventille in east Port of Spain, is being re-planned and re-developed by the Urban Ee-development Council, However, unless more modest housing can he provided for the growing population there will soon be many areas requiring re-planning and the provision of comprehensive infrastructural works and services. While the Ministry of Housing is the controlling body over housing, a National Housing Authority exists to step up the develop­ ment of Low Cost Housing Schemes to meet the growing demands of the population. Many middle and upper-income houses continue to he built by their owners on freehold land in suburban areas. - 6 Meanwhile, applications for new houses and other buildings are considered by public health inspectors in accordance with the environ­ mental health regulations for building sanitation» 2«7 Community Sanitation Community sanitation does not appear to be receiving the same measure of attention as before, due probably to the failure of local government councils to modernize their approach and to expand their staff and facilities to meet the continuing increase in population and buildings« The inspection of residential property and other field activities of public health inspectors appear to he sacrificed for office approvals of house applications, etc» The cleaning of public places is regular hut not often enough, and official pest control measures are limited to aedes aegypti mosquito control work« In the overall effort at community sanitation, a much more professional approach will be needed in the future« Certainly a new appreciation for the community environment and an up-graded effort are long overdue« It is time that the inherited colonial attitude, that the community belongs to somebody else, be replaced by a new sense of civic pride« 2*8 Development Projects South-West Tobago; The south-west end of Tobago, with the airport, some hotel development, and the tourist attraction of Buccoo Reef, has been recognized as an ecologically sensitive area requiring the highest quality of environmental planning« Development is going ahead hut wastewater outlets are not being permitted to the Buccoo Reef area. The proposed sewage treatment plant will outlet off the south coast® Point Lisas Industrial Portg A n industrial port is proposed for the Point Lisas area near Gouva on the west coast of Trinidad towards the south» Plans are for separate but common sewerage and industrial waste systems» Strict control is going to be needed to prevent environmental pollution by the major industries planned for the area* ” 7 ~ Chaguaramas Development Project; A Chaguaramas Development Authority was formed in 1972 to develop the entire north-west peninsula of Trinidad, The development project is expected to include residential areas, commercial area, hotel development, and some light and marineoriented industries. are also proposed. Recreational areas, including a national park, At a public enquiry into the developmental plans for the area, a considerable interest was shown in environmental preservation and protection. Such considerations are essential to the long term tourist (local and foreign) benefits from the development of the peninsula, 2,9 Other Problems School Sanitation; In general, overcrowding, poor lighting and ventilation, inadequate sanitary facilities, and lack of a rigid house-keeping schedule are the main school environment problems. There is no recognized School Environment Programme, and most school environments do not receive the specialized and consistent attention they deserve. Port Sanitation; could be improved. Sanitation at the seaport of Port of Spain There is no possible connection between ships and the local sewer system, so that ships1 sewage is routinely discharged into the ports waters. The collection of solid waste from the area is not always prompt, and improper storage of goods (covered and in the open) only allows the rodent problem to continue unabated® shortage of sanitary facilities is yet another weakness® A Meanwhile, airport sanitation is satisfactory, although there is the dumping of refuse from planes and hotels on the banks of the Caroni River® 3, 3,1 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (HEALTH AND WELFARE) Environmental Pollution Trinidads interest in its growing industrial pollution dates back many years. In 1958 a committee was appointed to examine the problems of the pollution of rivers, inland and coastal waters and - 8 agricultural land by oil, sewage and effluent from factories and mills, and to recommend such measures of control as may be necessary in the overall interests of Trinidad Tobago”® The Committee reported in I 960 that at present the pollution nuisance has not reached substantial proportions. However, they warned that immediate steps must he taken to initiate schemes whereby pollution is controlled and minimised in view of the continuing industrial and housing developments in the country. The Committeets work led to the island-wide sewerage scheme of 1962 to 1965 » Then in 1970 a similar committee was again formed and found that there was enough pollution from oil and other causes to warrant legislative and other action by the government and the major industries. In 1972 another committee was appointed to consider the problems posed by industrial wastes in Trinidad Tobago. ¥astes from the following local industries were considered problematics sugar, rum distillery, cement, petroleum, quarrying, bakeries, laundries, bauxite transfer, etc. More recently (in 1973) an Anti-Pollution Council was formed and its interim report recommends a strong and broad environmental control programme to combat pollution and other problems. Its terms of reference and membership are given at Appendix ¥1. It is clear that all forms of environmental pollution exist in Trinidad (not Tobago) and have been brought to the attention of the policymakers. However, no concrete action appears to have been taken. No detailed information exists and the country is without modern anti-pollution legislation, standards and enforcement capability. 3.1.1 Air Pollution Air pollution exists in Trinidad from the followings - Smoke, gases and other atmospheric discharges from oil, petro-ehemieals, cement, sugar, garment and other industrial establishments. 9 =* - Sugar-cane and refuse-dump burning» - Gas and smoke exhausted from motor vehicles, especially in traffic jams at peak hours» In general, the island®s flushing atmosphere tends to reduce the effect of air pollution problems, some of which blow harmlessly out to sea» The largest area suffering from air pollution (oil refining) is the Marabella-Vlstabella area. 3.1»2 Land Pollution There is widespread littering in communities (e»g„ streets, parks, drains, etc») and along the nations beaches» There is also considerable dumping of refuse off highways and in coastal waters. Dumping and abandoning of derelict motor vehicles is a special problem in rural areas» A new Anti-Litter Act incorporates substantial penalties but it is difficult to enforce, requiring that the actual littering act he witnessed by more than one person» The urban problem of stray and ownerless dogs is only now receiving effective attention (within recent months) by munici­ palities after years of complaints. 3»1-3 Water Pollution Riverss Most of the nations rivers are polluted to one degree or another by industrial wastewater. This is most apparent in the dry season when river-flows are reduced to a minimum. In the wet season particularly, there is natural pollution by a heavy sediment load from soil erosion and silted run-offs» Pollution from the agricultural run-off of chemicals applied to crops and crop land (e»g® pesticides, fertilizers, etc.) is also suspect» In the north, running east to west and receiving drainage and wastewaters from the most developed region in Trinidad is the Caroni River which is polluted in its upper stretches by a variety - 10 - of industries, in its middle area by sugar and rum refineries, and in its lower region by the tributaries of St® Joseph and San «Juan rivers by milk, beer, soap and other industries. The lower Caroni. River is the most polluted and it feeds the very important nature reserve ©ailed the Caroni Swamp® have been taken* No measures to prevent and control this pollution The proposed Caroni-Arena Water Treatment Plant has been sited as far upstream as Piareo Airport in order to escape the heavy pollution® This cost the country millions of dollars for increased water-transmission costs® Other rivers are also polluted especially the two southern ones the Cipero, with sugar refinery wastes and refuse dumping, and the Gruaraoara which is an open oil sewer® Marines The pollution of coastal waters and beaches is caused by: - Oil from marine oil exploration, ships and natural seepages® - Refuse and sewage from ships and coastal communities® - Discharges of polluted rivers. - Dumping and littering of beaches by fishermen and the public® A new major threat of marine pollution is the growing practice of ship-to-ship transfer of ©il in the Gulf of Paria from super tankers. Although preventive measures are taken, there is no local capability to control a major oil spill if it occurs. 3*2 Food Sanitation Following typhoid, polio and gastro-enteritis epidemics in recent years, some attention is being given to food sanitation in the more urban areas. Food handlers must he medically certified, and some inspection of the sanitary conditions in eating places and food processing plants is taking place® Two weak areas remains (a) the public’s complacency and lack: of knowledge of proper food sanitation, and (b) the inadequacy of inspection staff in the local government councils. - 11 » 3*3 Environmental Education The Health Education Units in the Ministry of Health and in the City Council of Port of Spain are both functioning, although with limited budgets and therefore, en a campaign basis rather than routinely« B e c a u s e of the local indifference and complacency towards the environ­ ment, considerable public education is needed t® get the public to participate* At a meeting earlier this year on the subject of Environmental Education held by the Anti-Pollution Council, it was unanimously agreed that the environmental portion of the Social Studies curriculum in primary and secondary schools should he developed« To this end there is a growing demand for teaching material on the subject« 3 «4 Health Situation and Statistics Attached at Appendices VII and VIII are some basis health statistics» Some conclusions can he drawn, such ass (a) Cancer and heart diseases are the two leading health problems« (b) While environmental diseases are generally decreasing, sudden epidemics are passible = » Typhoid in 199» 1971 and 1972 PiMheria in 199 Poliomyelitis in 197» 72 Hookworm in 1970 (c) The two mosquito-borne diseases of malaria and yellow fever are no longer the threat they were, while cholera is still non-existent« The possibility of a sudden epidemic of one environmental disease or another is proof that environmental control measures are not fully successful, and therefore cannot be relaxed« A high motor vehicle population on the countrys roads, which have not enjoyed a parallel increase in width or number, continues to lead to annual increases in traffic accidents with accompanying deaths and injuries«(See Appendix IX)« - 3o5 12 - Deficiencies in Government Services Two deficiencies in government services appear to be the main constraints to the establishment of an all-embracing environmental agency in government. The first is that there is a general feeling that too many government organizations already exist and that the government p a y -ro ll There is therefore an agreed reluctance among is already too high® policymakers to form a new environmental agency with, the trained personnel necessary to implement a national environmental programmes, Secondly» despite the preparation of a national health plan in recent years with PAHO/WHO assistance, there has been no serious progress in the development of the environmental health arm of the Ministry of Health* If such an arm had been fully developed in the past» it would have inevitably become the nucleus for an overall environmental agency» as has happened in a number of countries» It i s a fact that without such an agency to spearhead government’s initiative in this area» no serious national environmental programme can he expected« 3» 6 Other Problems Noise Pollutions Noise pollution is developing in the P o r t -o f- Spain area (e«g* motor vehicles, juke-boxes, etc») hut is s t i l l far from crisis levels» Working Environments The Factory Inspectorate in the Ministry of Labour is responsible for control of the working environment, especially the possibility of industrial accidents (See Appendix X for a recent record)» However, it is the routine e ffo rts of the labour unions that have improved working conditions over the years» New le g is la tio n is now being considered» ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES 4*1 Soil Resources Appendix XI gives the utilization of the surface areas by Principal Uses of Land (1946-59), About ^ of the entire area of Trinidad Tobago is c la s s ifie d as Agricultural Areas, and more than £ is State Forests» In resent, years a Land Capability Survey was carried out to determine the agricultural potential of the s o ils of the country® There appears to be no large scale s o il losses, although constant flooding by brackish water (e ,g , lower Caroni in the El Socorro area) and poor drainage has ruined small areas here and there. S o il erosion on the h i l l s results from uncontrolled bulldozing by land developers. Beach erosion on the east and north­ east coast, open to the North-East Trade winds from across the Atlantic Ocean, requires more attention than has been given so far® 4®2 Water Resources A Trinidad Water Resources Survey was carried out with b ila t e r a l assistance (Canada) during the period July 1966 to December I969 ® Among other things the Survey* - established a hydro-meteorological network, - collected, analyzed and published hydro-meteorological data, - established a preliminary assessment of the total exploitable water in Trinidad as 60 mgd groundwater and 240 mgd surface water, = established that water requirements for Trinidad would approximate 200 mgd in year 2000 ® For the time being there appears to be enough water in the country to meet its needs. The major threat to surface water sources is industrial p ollu tion , while s a lt water infiltration into some w ells (e ,g , El Socorro) is cause for some concern, A Water Resources Department exists and reports to the Board of the Wafer and Sewerage Authority® - 14 4.3 Forestry An old and active Forestry Department ©@ntrols the orderly removal of timber from the forests in accordance with a planned programme or when clearance for a water reservoir (e.g. Navet Dam) er agriculture is needed. The Department also carries out a successful Reafforestation Programme. At Appendix XII some forestry information is given. Two FAO experts are assisting the department which has posts for 8 professionals. A forestry school trains gub*=professional staff members. 4.4 Parks and Beaches Improved economic conditions in resent years have meant a greater number of citizens looking for recreational outlets and for areas for There is a growing demand for national environmental appreciation. parks, hiking trails, etc. and potential areas do exist. Swamp, although not declared a The Caroni national park, is used by tourists and locals alike the main attraction being the beautiful red Scarlet Ibis bird which nests there® Meanwhile, despite the lack of facilities public beaches (and all are public) are widely used. In 1973 a National Environment and Conservation Council was formed to advise the Minister of Planning and Development on the question of parks and beaches. This advisory s o u n d ! has no budget and it lacks the supporting staff for real effectiveness. Beach erosion and pollution by oil are problems also deserving attention® 4.5 Fisheries and Marine Pollution Oil is the most important pollutant in the coastal waters, and on beaches on the west, south and east coasts. It is feared that the sediment in Trinidadian waters from the Orinoco River in Venezuela, when mixed with oil (from natural seepages or oil spills) coagulates and settles to the bottom® As a result, over a period of time such a paving exercise will lead to the destruction of micr o-plankton and the whole aquatic food chain. Bottom grabs by a U.S. Coast Guard « 15 survey ship (1972 ) showed oil in every sample of seabed collected off the south coast» Meanwhile, the feeling is that the Gulf of Paria has been out-fished» Pish delivered to principal markets runs around 8 to 10 million lbs» annually» 4*6 Other Problems Floodings Almost every year the Caroni River floods to the south at Kelly Village in its mid-section, Much of the area is in sugar-cane and the flooding is a temporary inconvenience for households and transportation. Some relief is expected when the Caroni-Arena water supply project starts storing Caroni water in a reservoir on its Arena tributary« 5. NATIONAL POLICIES AFFECTING ENVIRONMENT There is no statutory environmental agency responsible for all environmental matters, but the two advisory bodies mentioned previously are worthy of repeating. They are! (a) Anti-Pollution Council - All matters relating to the human environment (b) National Environment and Conservation Council - Parks and beaches Executive agencies and their supporting legislation in the environmental field ares (a) Local Health Authority (municipalities) Public Health Ordinance 1917 (b) Factories Division, Ministry of Labour Factories Ordinance 1948 (c) Harbour Master, Customs, Marine Police Oil in the Waters of the Colony Ordinance (d) Town and Country Planning Division, Ministry of Planning and Development Town and Country Planning Ordinance I960 - l6 - (e) Vater and Sewerage Authority Water and Sewerage Authority Act, 1965 (f) Ministry of Petroleum and Mines - Petroleum Regulations, 1970 (g) Harbour Master, Customs, Marine Police 5.2 — - Marine Areas (Preservation and Enhancement) Act, 1970 and the Environment There are many direct and indirect features in the relationship between industry and the environment® The most worrisome is environ­ mental pollution - air and water* 5.2,1 Existing Industries There is a fair amount of pollution from existing industry, especially from wastewater discharge into rivers* The old industries show no interest in the environment, and they are inclined to admit that in the absence of a strong anti=pollution programme by government, they plan to take no corrective action whatsoever* If this inactivity continues any future industrial development will have some serious and harmful environmental side effects* 5*2*2 Industrial Development The government is currently engaged in a programme of industrial development and diversification with particular emphasis on the develop­ ment and use of the petroleum resources of the Nation* A recent announcement referred to the nationalization of Trinidad Tobago*s internal energy policy, the promotion and development of energy-based or energy-intensive industries and the development of infrastructure facilities to serve these industries* Some of the industries planned include petroleum production and refining, iron and steel, aluminium smelting, fertilizer manufacture, shipping and petro-ehemieals* The result of this will he a sharp rise in the water supply demands for the area, as well as the need to carefully assess waste disposal and other inevitable demands on the environment* - 17 A special comment might he made with respect to the to u rist industry and Tobago, There is a need for a much greater appreciation in local circles for the importance of the environment in tourism development, hearing in mind that a tourist to a tropical island is more interested in the environment of the sun and the sea than anything else, 5*3 Agriculture The major environmental problems in agriculture ares (a) Sugar-cane burning, before canes are reaped, causing air pollution over large areas in the early months of the year and (b) 5*4 aerial spraying of insecticide over the sugar-cane crop to destroy the froghopper insect also destroys bees and other useful insects« Public and Political Attitudes As far as social and civic affairs are concerned, Trinidadians have a reputation for complacency and disinterest* This has probably been inherited from the past when Trinidad experienced years of strong colonialrule and citizens viewed someone else« the community as belonging to As it stands now the average citizen keeps his home clean (though not his backyard) but is prepared to tolerate an unsanitary street or public places and indeed, he may litter at will. The result is that there is little public pressure on government to give priority of attention to community sanitation, national parks and other features of the nation’s environment« The policymaker therefore continues to be 4»voted to the energy crisis, industrial development and jobs. However, an environmental group was formed (by the Consultant) in 1972 called Society for the Conservation, Appreciation and Promotion of the Environment (SCAPE), The Society meets irregularly and lobbies routinely for one environmental cause or another. - 18 5*5 External Assistance Trinidad Tobago enjoys a fair measure of assistance from abroad. On a bilateral basis Canada and the U.S0A, are major donors. Otherwise the UNDP and the other UN Agencies assist in various projects from time to time. Many major projects such as water supply, sewerage, housing, etc. are possibly funded by one of the members of the World Bank group. Trinidad’s economy is good enough to permit most of the funding to come from government sources. 6. CONCLUSIONS Trinidad Tobago, with its colonial background and oil economy seems to be at an intermediate stage in its development. As such she experiences environmental inadequacies like undeveloped governmental services (e.g. poor community maintenance) and a lack of environmental consciousness among members of the public. To these developing country problems however, may be added industrial pollution which is really a problem of development. There is no doubt that the country badly needs to up-grade its present efforts and establish a modern environmental programme for the nation as a whole. at Appendix XIII. A Resume of the Environmental Situation is given Appendix I List of Persons in Contact with Consultant in Trinidad Anti-Pollution Council members* National Environment and Conservation members* SCAPE members (Society for the Conservation, Appreciation and Promotion of the Environment). Ministry of Healths Minister, Permanent Secretary, Medical Officers, Director of Public Health Engineering Division* Water and Sewerage Authority? Executive Director, Deputy Executive Director, Technical Director, Projects Manager,etc. Ministry of Planning Developments Minister, Director of Town and Country Planning, etc* Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Fisheriess Conservator of Forests, Senior Fisheries Officer* Ministry of Petroleum Miness Minister, Permanent Secretary, Special Adviser to Minister, Chief Petroleum Engineer* Ministry of Local Governments Minister® Industrial Development Corporations Deputy Chairman, General Manager, Projects Manager* Ministry of Works? Chief Technical Officer, Director of Drainage* Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad Tobago» Appendix II List of Reference Documents for Trinidad Tobago (1) Annual Statistical Digest - Central Statistical Office 1971/72« (2 ) Interim Report of the Anti-Pollution Council (September 1973). (3 ) Trinidad Tobago Water Study (September 1970)« (4) Land Capability Survey« (5) Trinidad Water Resources Survey (1966= 69 )® (6) Trinidad Rainfall, 1933=52 - L. Wehekind. (7 ) Report on Sewerage Facilities (September (8) Final Report of the Committee appointed by the Prime Minister to consider the problems posed by Industrial Wastes in Trinidad Tobago (March 1972). (9 ) Report of the Committee appointed by Cabinet to consider the question of Pollution (September 1971)» 1968 )® (10) SCAPE pamphlet on aims and objects, methods, interest and fees’ 1. (11) Trinidad Tobago? (12) Report of the Water Pollution Committee (i960). (13) Miscellaneous papers and extracts. Notes Thoughts on our Environment. * means document submitted. Appendix III AREA, LOCATION AND CLIMATE TABLE 1 Area and Location The Island of Trinidad is situated about 10 degrees North o f the Equator, between 61 and 62 degrees West Longtitude in the Southern part o f the Caribbean Sea. It is seven miles from the Venezuelan Coast from which it is separated by the G ulf of Paria and the narrow channels o f the Bocas. It is the second largest of the group formerly comprising the British West Indian islands and is about 65 miles long and 48 miles broad with an area o f 1,863 square miles. This island is mostly flat, with its highest peaks in the North; Aripo the highest, is 3,085 feet. The Island o f Tobago is situated about 11 degrees 9 minutes North o f the Equator, 60 degrees 43 minutes West Longtitude. It lies north-east of Trinidad from which it is separated by a channel about 19 miles wide. It is about 32 miles long and 11 miles broad with an area o f 116 square miles. The topography is broken with a central chain o f peaks, the main ridge reaching a height o f 1,800 feet. Area Administrative Divisions Acres (1) Trinidad and Tobago Square Miles (2) *9 k o fio P. Q) 1,267,236 1,980.0 Port of S p a in ................................................... 2,368 3.7 San Fernando ................................................. 1,600 2.5 A r im a .............................................................. 582 0.9 $71 St. George1 ......... ............................. . ........... 226,659 354.2 Z 5 ‘ ,4 ~ T £ i St. A n d rew ........ ........................................... .. 180,954 282.7 3 2 .,s ~ g y C a ro n i....................................... ...................... 136,951 214.0 J O, Sf 3 Victoria2 .......................................................... 201,011 314.1 1 3 Z , 7 2 .1 St. P a tric k ........................................................ 166,912 260.8 /of, * / $ 50,530 79.0 ir 0 3 2 . N a riv a ....................... ....................................... 132,033 206.3 n , 2 .S .C Mayaro ............................................................ 93,244 145.7 i,o fr O Tobago ............................................................ 74,392 116.2 St. David . . . ................................ .. Waters o f the T e rrito ry ................................. ^Excludes Port o f Spain and Arima. ^Excludes San Fernando. 2 % ?J o 3 3f m «f • . . . Source: 1 1 Appendix IV 23 Chart3 POPULATION PROJECTIONS AND ACTUAL POPULATION GROWTH 1 9 6 0-1985 Thousands Thousands See table 2 / Appenaix y MISCELLANEOUS TABLE 205. ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER, I960 - 1965 __________________ Supply 000 gals Distribution To Consumers in Works and Arima distribution area Hydraulics Borough Department Council Metered Unmetered Year (1) (2) (3) To consumers outside Other^ Arima distribu­ Borough tion Council areas To Municipalities San Fernando Borough Council (5) (4) Port of Spain City Council (6) (7) (8) (9) 1960 ........................... 7,706,503 532 764,598 5,356,805 507,666 672,391 148,065 2s:,510 1961 ........................... 8,751,800 447 703,558 6,228,676 742,693 595,796 176,495 305,259 19622 ........................... 10,565,455 739 792,935 7,636,280 843,461 781,628 239,614 272,276 ............... 12,103,708 776 812,275 8,909,142 809,161 938,339 256,827 278,740 13,230,644 813 831,615 9,793,401 1,084,715 938,083 278,482 305,161 852,405 10,772,741^ 1,878,544 703,798 245,700 346,495 1963 ... 1-964 ........................... 1965 ... ............... ^Includes bulk supplies to shipping, to Wardens, for distribution by Lorries, to Trinidad Leaseholds Ltd., to Trinidad Cement Ltd., and to Federation Chemicals Ltd. ^Since 1961there has been a rapid expansion in C.W.D.A. activity. In addition certain revisions were made in the accounting basis; hence data lor 1961 onwards may not be strictly comparable with those for previous years. •^Thc Municipalities of San Fernando and Arima were billed only up to September, 1965. 1 Source: 83 ; ! ! ;] I ^ ) t t » -: Î ■ TABLE 206. ESTIMATE OF WATER PRODUCTION OF THE WATER AND SEWERAGE AUTHORITY, 1965— 1972 million galls. Total Production Year (1) ■ Average Daily Production (2) 1965 - 1967 1968 — ............... 1969 17,556.5 48.1 17,998.5 50.7 ... 19,800.6 54.1 ... .................... ............... ............... 1966 20,483.5 57.7 1970 ..... ............... 20,838.5 58.7 1971 v ... ........................... 21,158.0 59.6 22,801.8 62.3 1972 ........................... ............... . 1 S ource: 94 i A p p e n d i x VI ANTI-POLLUTION COUNCIL The Terms of Reference of the Anti-Pollution Council ares i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) to advise the Minister ©f Health on all matters relating to the Human Environments te identify, investigate and make recommendations for the improvement and maintenance of a healthy environ­ ment! to make recommendations with a view to ensuring that, as far as possible pollution controls are designed and implemented simultaneously with industrial developments and that rivers, watercourses and beaches are kept unpolluted and their full recreational and aesthetic value is preserved at all times! to recommend such legislation as will prevent further deterioration on the environment with the consequent debasement of the quality of life of the people of Trinidad and Tobagoj to study and make recommendations as to the possible effects of environmental influences, such as accelerated transporta­ tion and communication, and the stress and pressures of modern life on mental health and cultural and social patterns in the country to appoint committees chaired by one of its members and comprised of members and/or non-members who may he drawn from the general public or from any Ministry of Government as may be appropriates Membership of the Council is as follows? Mr. Ronald Williams Chief Engineer Trintoplan - CHAIRMAN „ 2 MEMBER Mr» Ken Snaggs Dire®ter T o w n Country Planning - Mr® Dudley Isa© Pabli© Health Engineer Ministry of Health - do« Mr» Hugh Hinds Chief Petroleum Engineer Ministry of Petroleum and Mines ■ = do, Dr» Alejandro Santiago Public Health Medical Officer Ministry of Health do» Dr* Mishael Lines — Deputy Chief Chemist/ Assistant Food Drugs Director Ministry of Health do« Dr« John Spenga — Biologist University of the West Indies do Dr» Edmund Jones Technical Officer (Extensión) Ministry of Agriculture9 Lands and Fisheries do* Mr» Clem Razaek Lawyer = do» do« Mr» Colin Taylor Director of Drainage Ministry of Works Mrs« Hazel Mutunhu MSc® (Marine Biology) » - do» 29 VITAL STATISTICS TABLE 26. DEATHS AND DEATH RATES BY 50 CAUSE - GROUPS, 1969— 1971 (RATES PER 100,000 ESTIMATED MID-YEAR POPULATION) Abbre-* viated List No. Total (all causes)..................... 1 Cholera ............................................................ 2 Typhoid fever ...................... ......................... 3 Biscillary Dysentry and Amoebiasis ............... 4 Enteritis and other Diarrhoel diseases ........... 5 Tuberculosis of respiratory system ................ 6 Other Tuberculosis including late effects . . . . 7 Plague ................................................ ............. 8 Diptheria . , . v ......................................... ... . 9 Whooping cough.......... . . . . . ; ...................... 10 Streptococcal sore throat and Scarlet fever . .. 11 Meningococcal infections •............................... Acute Poliomyelitis................................. 8 12 B 13 Small p o x ........................................................ B 14 Measles . . i ....................... .............................. B 15 Typhus and other Rickettsioses .. ................. B 16 Malaria....................................... .................... B 17 Syphillis and its Sequelae.......... ................... B 18 All other infective and parastic diseases........ B 19 Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of lymphatic and haematopoietic tissues . . . B 20 Benign Neoplasms of unspecified nature . . . . B 21 Diabetes mellitu........................................... i. B 22 Ayitaminosis and other Nutritional deficiency B 23 Anaemias....................................... ................ B 24 Meningitis.............................................. B 25 Active Pheumatic fever............................. B 26 Chronic rheumatic heart disease................... B 27 Hypertensive Disease..................................... B 28 Ischaemic Heart Disease..................... .......... B 29 Other forms of heart disease......................... B 30 Cerebrovascular Disease................................ B 31 Influenza ........................................................ B 32 Pneumonia............................................... B 33 Bronchitis, Empysema and Asthma ............. B 34 Peptic Ulcer .................................................. B 35 Appendicitis.................................................. B 36 Intestinal obstruction and hernia................. B B B B B B B B B B B Deaths Cause of Death 1969 7.068 3 5 257 40 1970 6,956 Rates .1971 7,044 _ , _ 3 4 4 236 42 2 2 274 53 3 - 1 - 3 — 2 — — - 1 — — 3 120 1 90 635 22 197 153 674 16 1 71 342 766 550 990 12 352 107 36 3 37 1971 687.68 0.29 0.49 25.00 3-89 0.10 677.48 — 682.25 ■— 0.29 - 0.29 ‘ —. 0.19 - 1 — 1 2 2 — 58 1970 1969 - 19 279 143 67 20 2 70 340 897 544 950 4 330 100 49 6 31 0.39 0.39 22.98 4.09 0.19 :_ - ■— ■ ■ 0.19 26.54 5.13 0.29 — .■ 0.10 ■— / ■■ 0.10 0.19 0.19 - 0.10 - ■ — 2 64 0.29 11.68 0.10 8.72 0.19 6.20 648 28 390 105 77 26 61.78 2.14 19.17 14.89 5.64 65.62 1.85 27.17 13.68 6.52 1.65 0.10 6.91 33.27 74.53 53.57 96.32 1.17 1.95 0.19 6.82 33.11 87.36 52.98 92.52 0.39 32.12 9.74 4.77 0.58 3.02 62.76 2.71 37.77 10.17 7.46 2.52 0.39 7.07 32.64 . 87.65 45.13 84.84 1.65 37.68 15.88 3.58 0.87 2.71 4 73 337 905 466 876 17 389 164 37 9 28 34.25 10.40 3.50 0.29 3.60 — n « V ital statistics rf 30 TABLE 26, DEATHS AND DEATH RATES BY 50 CAUSE - GROUPS, 1969-1971 (RATES PER 100,000 ESTIMATED MID-YEAR POPULATION) - Concluded Abbre­ 1 viated list No. Deaths Cause of Death 1969 1970 Rates 1971 1969 1970 1971 B 37 Cirrhosis of liver.......................................... .. 115 125 139 11.19 12.17 13.46 B 38 Nephritis and nephrosis.................................. 61 47 63 5.93 4.58 6.10 B 39 Hyperplasia o f prostate.................................. 22 13 17 2.14 1.27 1.65 B 40 Abortion......................... ............................... 23 17 18 92.07 68.05 69.46 B 41 Other Complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerpertium. Delivery without , mention of complication............................. 26 17 20 108.13 68.05 77.18 B 42 Congenital Anomalies................................ 94 96 88 374.05 381.69 33.70 B 43 Birth Injury, Difficult Labour and other Ranoxic and Hypoxic conditions............... 108 95 72 429.72 377.72 275.69 B 44 Other causes of Perinatal Mortality............... 372 264 220 1,480.30 1,049.66 842.40 B 45 Symptoms and Ill-defined conditions........... 404 304 327 39.31 29.60 31.67* B 46 All other diseases........................................ 581 521 614 56.53 50.74 59.47 B 47 Motor vehicle accidents.................................. 161 185 165 15.66 18.02 15.98 B 48 All other accidents.......................................... 187 217 212 18.19 21.13 20.53 B 49 Suicide and self-inflicted in jury............... .. 58 90 50 5.64 8.72 4.84 B 50 All other external causes................................ 76 55 55 7.40 5.35 5.33 ; *The Abbreviated Lists of 50 Causes for Tabulation of Mortality adopted by the World Health Organisation in 1965, Vide Eighth (1968), Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death - Volume 1 pages 445 —446. „ ^ Source: 10 Appendix IX 105 TRANSPORT TABLE 94. MILEAGE AND EXPENDITURE OF PUBLIC ROADS IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, 1961 - 1972 Existing Miles of Roads New Capita] Works (all roads) sooo Total (all roads) (2) (3) 1,428 1,249 1,249 1,252 1,252 1,099 1,144 1,128 1,131 1,240 . 2,527 2,393 2,377 2,383 2,492 6,344 6,789 6,040 9,103 9,126 2,510 2,837 2,541 3,820 3,662 4,789 3,189 2,923 6,649 4,308 1,252 1,252 1,258 1,258 1,734 1,754 1,352 1,289 2,252 2,565 2,601 2,604 2,541 4,510 9,630 9,040 10,797 8,368 8,598 3,698 3,558 2,394 7,509 3,770 1,689 1.0583 6423 (1) 1 9 6 1 ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Maintenance (all roads) Total per mile Î000 Local2 roads Main1 roads Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 Expenditure ............................. ................ ............... ................................. ................................. ................................. 1 9 7 1 ................................. 1972 ................................. (4) (5) (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iMaintained by Works Department. ^Maintained by Ministry of Local Government. ^Data received from Ministry of Local Government. Source: 32 TABLE 95. PERSONS KILLED AND INJURED IN ROAD ACCIDENTS BY AGE GROUP 1962-1972 Under 5 years Between 5 and 14 years Between 15 and 50 years Total Over 50 years 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 ..................... ................ ................ ................ ................ 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ Killed Injured Killed Injured Killed Injured Killed Injured Killed Injured Killed and Injured (1) Year (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) 8 6 5 9 11 98 114 154 152 156 26 30 23 22 19 773 750 837 941 883 77 64 77 77 74 2,508 2,547 2,824 2,921 2,847 26 39 29 37 39 290 294 297 341 327 137 139 134 145 143 3,669 3,705 4,112 4,355 4,213 3,806 3,844 4,246 4,500 4,356 3 6 6 8 8 4 156 176 157 217 164 157 23 17 35 26 19 31 982 881 980 922 819 1,059 88 80 96 110 105 116 2,859 2,724 3,132 3,030 3,341 3,458 35 36 48 35 56 58 364 300 325 391 409 389 149 139 185 179 188 209 4,361 4,081 4,594 4,630 4,728 5,063 4,510 4,220 4,779 4,809 4,916 5,272 : Source: 20 57 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT TABLE 53. INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS BY INDUSTRY 1962 - 1972 Year Clay con­ En­ Wood crete, gineer­ work­ lime­ ing ing stone (1) — 1962 Fatal. . . . . . Non-fatal............ 127 (2) (3) — — 213 1963 Fatal......... — Non-fatal........ 119 2 222 1964 Fatal. . . . . . — Non-fatal . . . . . . . 172 1 207 1 140 214 1966 Fatal.......... __ Non-fatal............ 142 1 269 1967 Fatal.......... — Non-fatal............ 127 1 321 1 1968 Fatal.......... Non-fatal............ 110 279 1969 Fatal.......... Non-fatal............ 104 288 1 1970 Fatal.......... Non-fatal............ 142 274 1971 Fatal.......... 1 Non-fatal............ 128 1 442 3 1965 Fatal. . . . . . Non-fatal........ _ _ 7 13 47 _ 4 218 10 35 1 162 _ 1 79 177 1 64 122 26 1 71 1 75 _ _ — 38 88 _ _ 7 . 9 _ _ 16 _ 8 _ 4 _ _ _ 9 25 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 58 62 157 1 22 _ 3 60 1 248 _ _ _ 25 432 2 273 4 272 __ 1 294 _ 291 1 404 16 ■ _ _ _ 44 _ _ 37 __ 23 _ _ _ _ _ 11 68 187 _ _ 352 __ 310 _ 12 _ 6 1,767 1 186 1 29 7 3 293 7 1,478 _ _ 37 13 4 146 9 1,391 _ _ _ 19 51 6 1,517 14 1 6 78 1,594 13 2 329 2 239 1 194 379 2 209 3 231 2 140 1 275 282 25 1 178 1 232 . .■ 240 _ 11 _ _ 17 _ ■, 21 — 1 5 71 1,713 2 373 2 247 — 14 1,722 5 304 _ 2 82 40 2 325 20 _ — 148 3 _ _ _ Wearing Print­ Food, Sugar Coconut Docks, Build­ apparel, ing textiles, Mis­ Drink, manu­ oij, wharves, Petrol­ ing Book To­ fac­ maiga- ware­ eum opera­ leather cella­ Total bind­ bacco tures rine and houses refining tions goods, neous ing iaunsoap dries (6) (10) (12) (4) (5) (7) (8) (9) (13) (11) _ — _ _ — 1 1 1 3 6 13 47 208 440 29 298 209 15 74 1,676 _ _ 6 72 1,560 _ 9 _ 104 4 1,620 1972 Fatal.......... Non-fatal............ 1Accidents which occur on premises covered by the Factories Ordinance, Ch. 30. No. 2 and which are fatal or disable the worker for more than three days from earning full wages at which hewas employed. Source: 19 I Appendix XI 127 LAND TABLE 125. UTILIZATION OF THE SURFACE AREAS1 BY PRINCIPAL USES OF LAND, 1946 - 1959 1946 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 19594 Acres (3) (4 (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 48,550 97,250 97,250 97,250 97,250 97,250 97,250 97,250 26,300 26,300 26,300 26,300 26,300 26,300 26,300 26,300 26,300 State Forests: Production Reserves 43,250 43,200 49,700 Protection Reserves ... 165,450 164,950 164,950 284,850 285,800 285,800 285,800 318,525 328,Û00 Other State Forests ... 342,750 344,100 337,400 267,200 266,300 266,300 263,200 230,475 216,000 25,800 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 Abandoned tree crops, bush and secondary growth 135,100 127,000 126,650 124,650 124,650 124,650 124,650 124,650 124,650 Total Non-Agricultural Areas ... 830,900 827,250 827,250 826,250 826,250 826,250 823,200 823,200 818,200 288,600 310,000 310,000 310,500 310,500 327,200 330,200 330,200 330,200 13,600 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,400 14,400 14,400 14,400 134,150 115,000 115,000 115,000 115,000 80,550 99,450 99,450 99,450 436,350 440,000 440,000 441,000 441,000 422,150 444,050 444,050 444,050 (1) (2) Non-Agricultural Areas Residential and Industrial... 25,000 28,000 Roads, Traces and Railways ... 19,050 19,150 Public buildings, Parks, Cemeteries, Schools, etc. (including non-forest areas of the U.S. Bases) ... 48,200 Swamps (not included in forest areas) and Inland water Private Forests Agricultural Areas Area in cultivation Pastures - ... Semi-derelict crops and shifting cultivation Total Agricultural Areas Total Area of Trinidad and Tobago O f which leased for: Oil Mining Crown lands (including forests) 26,000 , 1,267,250 1,267,250 1,267,250 1,267,250 1,267,250 1,267,250 1,267,250 1,267,250 1,267,250 155,161 160,873 261,506 315,627 327,813 407,336 421,599 362,128 326,669 Alienated Lands^ ... 56,180 75,184 93,782 100,538 124,777 113,107 116,910 116,036 98,730 Oil exploration^ — Crown lands (including forests) ... 137,896 839 25,578 89,232 81,564 17,137 4,014 — — 1Tentative estimates based on an assessment of information derived from a number of different sources. ^Crown lands which have been sold to the public. The oil rights of these lands are, however, retained by the Crown. ^Oil exploration leases are issued only in respect of Crown lands. 4The latest available information is in respect of 1959. Data for subsequent years are not available. Source: 46 Appendix XII 143 FORESTRY TABLE 147. FOREST OUT-TURN BY TYPE OF TIMBER 1962 - 1971 000 True Cubic Feet. Saw Logs Natural Forest Plantation (Teak) Private Class 1 Total Fuel Natural Forest (1) Year (2) (3) (4) (5) 56 53 53 72 430 405 430 254 3,352 2,852 78 53 53 61 3,715 3,216 3,290 3,572 4,145 3,621 49 380 3,107 3,171 2,994 715 716 560 594 481 51 3,146 3,526 350 2,941 365 300 250 2,695 2,409 2,437 2,144 560 402 57 124 3,208 2,856 2,000 3,558 , 3,221 ... 1962 . 2,866 2,394 1963 1964 . . 1965 1966 . . 2,845 2,565 1967 1968 1969 1970 . . . . 2,512 2,236 2,000 2,106 79 94 109 81 1971 . 1,778 83 2,624 2831 Poles F.R. andC.L Plantations Total (Teak) (6) 88 130 54 85 Grand Total (8) (7) 3,720 3,826 2,283 Source: 52 TABLE 148. MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL STATUS OF NATIONAL FORESTS, 1962 - 1971 Management Status Pro­ duction Reserve Year Admin­ Pro­ Un­ istered Leased tection reserved Govern­ to U.S. Reserve ment Managed Wording Plans Con­ trolled Exploita­ tion Other Forest Total Total Sales of Forest Expendi­ Produce ture on from National National Forests Forests 000 Acres (1) (2) $ (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 544.1 554.1 554.1 554.1 554.1 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 199.6 199.6 199.6 199.6 199.6 _1 308 308 307 306 554.1 554.1 554.1 547.2 558,8 551.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 199.6 199.6 199.6 197.9 197.6 197.6 305 304 304 303 303 307 1961................... 19622 ................. . 1963................... 1964................... 1965................... 332.2 334.1 334.1 334.1 334.1 _1 20 20 20 20 211.9 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 1966 ................... 1967 ................... 1968 ................... 1969................... 1970 ..................... 1971................... 334.1 334.1 334.1 332.4 296,2 288.7 20 20 20 20 36 36 200.0 200.0 200.0 194.8 226.6 226.6 (9) (10) 344.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 427,252 351,528 386,876 422,124 402,285 1,024,740 786,894 773,791 1,219,493 1,143,405 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 424,110 641,936 572,761 612,067 632.039 356,322 1,105,298 1,549,588 1,820,210 1,911,829 1,141,610 2,232,754 ^Figures for these years were imdertermined. ^From 1962 figures for columns 2, 7 and 8 were estimated. Source: 52 # * FORESTRY 144 TABLE 149. AREA OF NATIONAL FOREST REGENERATED 1962 - 1971 Plantation Regeneration Year Teak Acres Intensive Pine Natural Extensive Mixed Total Natural (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 430 370 760 910 1,040 460 380 200 .............................. ... ................. (1) 670 680 680 700 700 660 660 660 660 2,420 2,160 2,390 2,550 2,180 1967 1968 ................. .............................. 680 710 390 970 1969 1970 .............................. ............................ .. 660 590 1,080 72 1962 1963 1964 .............................. ................. ... .............................. 1965 1966 1 9 7 1 ................. ... 660 580 200 200 200 — — — - 70 80 80 40 200 60 50 200 30 40 30 200 200 200 200 Source 52 1,330 1,930 1,480 1,980 1,530 Appendix XIII Resume of Environmental Situation — TRINIDAD TOBAGO Capacity of ^^--v^Response Ma jor Problems Perception Analysis Power of Decision Instruments of Action Executive Organization Legislation Human Resources (l) HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Water Sewerage Authority Act® 1965 Water Sewerage Authority Adequate Public Health Ordinance, 1917 Municipalities and Refuse Disposal Authority No Professionals Town and Country Planning Ordinances, i960 Town and Country Planning Depart­ ment and Urban Red eve10pment Council Limited Public Health, WASA and other ordinances Ministry of Health, Water Sewerage Authority Limited Public Health Ordinance I917 Municipalities Limited Yes Oil in the Waters of the Colony Ordinance Harbour Master’s Office Marine Police Very Limited Yes Public Health Ordinance, 1917 Municipalities Limited (a) Water Supply Quantity Yes Yes Yes (b) Refuse Disposal No No Yes (e) Slums and squatting areas Yes No Yes (a) River Pollution Yes No Yes (b) Refuse dumping and littering Yes No Yes (e) Marine pollution No No (d) Food Sanitation Yes Yes (2 ) ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH í 4 4 Major Capacity of Response — v. Problems Percep tion Power of D ecisio n A n a ly sis (e ) E;avironinental education No No Yes Yes Yes Yes (a) Soil and Beach er0 sion Yes N© Yes (b) Fishing depredation Yes N© (f) Traffic accidents (3) NATURAL RESOURCES 1 No Instruments of Action Executive Organization Legislation P u b lic Health Human Resources Town and Country” Planning Ordinance, i960 N il Health Education Unit Ministry of Health Limited Ministry of Works Ordinance,1917 Adequate Ministry of Planning Development Limited Ministry of A g r i culture , Lands Fisheries N il 4422