Sección o Parte de un Documento 1995 es 382.3 B584L(58739) Corden, W. Max Coediciones NAFTA AMERICA LATINA LIBERALIZACION DEL INTERCAMBIO NEGOCIACIONES COMERCIALES TRATADOS ZONAS DE LIBRE COMERCIO FREE TRADE AREAS LATIN AMERICA TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TREATIES NAFTA Una zona de libre comercio en el Hemisferio Occidental: posibles implicancias para América Latina Incluye Bibliografía En: La liberalización del comercio en el Hemisferio Occidental - Washington, DC : BID/CEPAL, 1995 - p. 13-40 Proyecto Apoyo al Proceso de Liberalización Comercial en el Hemisferio Occidental http://hdl.handle.net/11362/1510 2014-01-02T14:51:16Z 2014-01-02T14:51:16Z Made available in DSpace on 2014-01-02T14:51:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1995 POLÍTICA COMERCIAL Y ACUERDOS COMERCIALES TRADE NEGOTIATIONS COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL E INTEGRACIÓN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INTEGRATION Texto UNITED NATIONS Distr. LIMITED ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN - ECLAC LC/MEX/L.545 4N ovem 2002 ber orjginad english CENTRAL AMERICA: MANAGEMENT OF USED LUBRICANTS IN CENTRAL AMERICA g F in a l R e p o rt This docum w preparedby th consultant Tayeb Benchaita, w th fram ork ofth project ent as e ithin e ew e “Sustainable w ofuse of hydrocarbons in Central Am ay erica”, financed by th Germ Governm (GTZ). e an ent The opinions expressed herein are those of th author and do no necessarily reflect th view of th e t e s e O rganization. The docum has n tundergoneform editing. ent o al 0 2-10 Table of Contents 1. 2. Introduction............................................................................................................................................ Environmental Regulations and Legislation.................................................................................... 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3. 4. 10 10 10 Recycled Oils By Channel of Trade:.................................................................................................. 10 Lubricant dem by product type................................................................... and Lubricant volum soldby im e porting com panies................................................... Lubricant Quality, Performance Specifications, and Certification........................................... 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8. Som program ofrecycledused oils:................................................................ e s Potential for re-refining ofused oils intobase oils tobeblendedw additives andm new ith ake lubricants for various uses............................................................................ Lubricant Demand Product Types................................................................................................ 6.1 6.2 7. 6 8 8 9 Volum of Oil Changes by m segm in 2 0 0 0 ............................................... e arket ent Passenger Car M Oil Demand:................................................................... otor 5.1 5.2 6. Definition ofUsed Oil: ................................................................................ Types ofbusinesses that handle used oil:............................................................ Recycling M ethods, processes, andprocedures:................................................... Environm ental advantages andbenefits for Used Oil Recycling................................ 6 Engine Oil Changes by market segment (DIFM vs. DIYers)...................................................... 4.1 4.2 5. Environm ental, Safety, andHealth (ESH) Legislation andregulations for chem productsand ical 1 lubricating oils:......................................................................................... Legislation, regulatory, andenvironm audits toassess possible pollution of soil, w ent ater, groundw stream andrivers..................................................................... ater, s, 2 2 .2.1 Costa Rica...................................................................................... 2 3 2 .2.2 El Salvador.................................................................................... 4 2 .2.3 Guatem ala...................................................................................... 2 .2.4 Honduras....................................................................................... 4 5 2 .2.5 Nicaragua...................................................................................... 5 2 .2.6 Panama......................................................................................... Rules andregulations for product form ulations, packaging, labelling, packaging, hazard identification, transportation, and storage.......................................................... 5 Regulations for m onitoringunw anted substances in usedlubricating oils such as trace m etals, chlorinated solvents, gasoline, diesel, arom hydrocarbons, glycols, andPCBs........... atic 6 M aterial Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for products andproducts com ponents for locally-m ade 6 andim ported lubricants............................................................................... Regulation, com pliance procedures, andcertification processes for design, construction, operation andrestoration oflube m anufacturing, distribution centers, andother properties and facilities toensure excellence......................................................................... 6 Used Oil Definition, Issues, and Recycling Considerations......................................................... 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 1 1 Lubricant quality andperform ance................................................................... API Service Sym andCertification Mark........................................................ bol API Service Categories:................................................................................ Existence anduse of ISO 9000 Series certification andcontrol ofim ported lubricants:..... Passenger car m oils (PCMO) by perform level......................................... otor ance Oil Drain Intervals, Fuel Properties, Car Park.............................................................................. 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 14 15 17 17 18 8.1 8.2 8.3 9. Oil Drain Intervals for passengers cars:............................................................. Fuels properties and characteristics................................................................... 8 .2.1 Gasoline fuel quality......................................................................... 8 .2.2 Diesel fuel quality:.......................................................................... Car Park:................................................................................................. Used Oil Recycling Programs in Other C ountries........................................................................ 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10. 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 11. 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 USA Legislation Laws andRecycling Program s................................................... The California Model.................................................................................. Canadian Used Oil Collection Recycling Programs:........................................... Germ Legislation andUsed Oil Recycling Program an s:........................................... M exican Laws andRegulations for W Disposal:.............................................. aste 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 23 25 26 29 Design, Development, Implementation, and Application of a Used Oil Management Program Systems .............................................................................................................................................. 30 Target M arket Segm ent................................................................................ Basic Elem of aRecycling Program:............................................................ ents O rganization oftheUsed Oil Recycling Program- Need for aProgramsponsor:............. Roles andRelationships ofParticipants:............................................................. Local Industry orBusiness Groups:.................................................................. SettingProgramGoals:................................................................................. Deciding onCollection M ethods:..................................................................... Finding aHauler:........................................................................................ Identifying aRecycler andtheRecycling Systems:................................................ Ideas for Prom oting aUsed Oil Program............................................................ 30 30 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 Comments and Recommendations.................................................................................................... 34 Need for Better Used Oil Nom enclature andTechnical Terminology:.......................... Need for Updating Laws andRegulations........................................................... Need for Developm andUse of Com ent pliance Regulations:.................................... Need for aUsed Oil M anagem andRecycling Program(UOMRP):......................... ent Recom endations fromtheM m anagua Sym posium(Septem 6 /7 , 2 001 )..................... ber 35 35 36 36 36 A c k n o w le d g e m e n t T h e a u t h o r e x p r e s s e s h is s i n c e r e a p p r e c ia tio n to t h e G e r m a n G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e U n ite d N a t i o n s E c o n o m i c C o m m i s s i o n f o r L a tin A m e r i c a t h e C a r i b b e a n ( E C L A C ) R e g i o n a l O ff ic e , C E P A L - M e x i c o C ity f o r f u n d i n g , s p o n s o r i n g , a n d d i r e c t i n g t h i s p r o j e c t . T h e u n e n d i n g s u p p o r t p r o v i d e d b y t h e E C L A C O f f i c e in M e x i c o - C i t y d u r i n g t h e p r o j e c t w a s i n v a l u a b l e a n d e f f e c t i v e in m a n y w a y s . In t h i s r e g a r d , t h e d i r e c t i o n a n d l e a d e r s h i p p r o v i d e d b y Dr. F e r n a n d o C u e v a s , E C L A C S e c t i o n C h i e f in M e x i c o C ity , w e r e e s p e c i a l l y rec o g n ize d . Dr. H i l m a r Z e i s s i g , P r e s i d e n t o f H I B C a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s u l t a n t f o r t h e P r o j e c t , p r o v i d e d m a n y s u p p o r t i v e c o m m e n t s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s d u r i n g all p h a s e s o f t h e p r o j e c t . H is b u s i n e s s s u p p o r t a n d f r i e n d s h i p a r e e s p e c i a l l y a p p r e c i a t e d . T h e G e n e r a l D i r e c t o r s o f H y d r o c a r b o n s ( D G H ’s ) f o r t h e C e n t r a l A m e r i c a n ( C A M ) c o u n t r i e s p r o v i d e d m o s t o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l , m a r k e t , a n d l u b r i c a n t d a t a u ti l i z e d in t h i s r e p o r t . T h e i r f r i e n d l y a n d g e n e r o u s c o o p e r a t i o n is a l s o s i n c e r e l y a p p r e c i a t e d . G lo s s a ry A c ro n y m s A C E A - A ss o c ia tio n d e s C o n s tru c te u rs E u r o p é e n s d ’ A u to m o b ile A P I - A m e r ic a n P e tr o le u m Institute A S T M - A m e r ic a n S o c ie ty for T e s tin g of M a te ria ls CAM - C e n tral A m e ric a n c o u n trie s C F R - C o d e of F ed eral R eg u latio n s C IW M B - C alifo rn ia In te g ra te d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t B o a rd E P A - E n v iro n m en tal P ro te ctio n A g e n c y D E O - D i e s e l E n g i n e O ils D G H - D ire c to re s ag en cies) G e n e ra le s de H id ro carb u ro s (G eneral D irecto rs of H ydrocarbon D IF M - D o it F o r M e D IY - D o it y o u r s e l f IS O - In tern a tio n al S t a n d a r d s O rg a n iz a tio n M e z c l a s O l e o s a s - O ily m i x t u r e s MM - Million M S D S - M aterial D a ta S a f e ty D a ta S h e e t s N F P A - N atio n al F ire P ro te c tio n A s s o c ia tio n P C B - P o ly ch lo rin a ted b ip h e n y ls P C M O - P a s s e n g e r c a r M o t o r O ils S A E - S o c ie ty of A u to m o tiv e E n g in e e rs U s e d O il - a n y oil t h a t h a s b e e n r e f i n e d f r o m c r u d e oil o r a n y s y n t h e t i c oil t h a t h a s b e e n u s e d , a n d a s a r e s u l t o f s u c h u s e is c o n t a m i n a t e d b y p h y s i c a l o r c h e m i c a l i m p u r i t i e s W T O - W o rld T r a d e O rg a n iz a tio n 1. Introduction E a c h y e a r , o v e r 1 0 0 m illion b a r r e l s o f u s e d l u b r i c a t i n g o ils (b illio n s o f L ite r s o f w a s t e oil) a r e d u m p e d o n t o t h e g l o b a l w o r l d e n v i r o n m e n t . In 1 9 9 5 , it w a s e s t i m a t e d t h a t o n l y 4 4 % o f a v a i l a b l e w a s t e l u b r i c a n t s w a s c o l l e c t e d w o r l d w i d e ( R e f e r e n c e 1 ) . T h e r e f o r e , 5 6 % o f u s e d o ils a r e N O T c o l l e c t e d a n d , t h u s , t h e y a r e e i t h e r m i s u s e d o r d i s c a r d e d b y t h e e n d u s e r in to t h e w o r l d e n v i r o n m e n t . C o n s i d e r i n g t h a t t h e w o r l d w i d e l u b r i c a n t y e a r l y d e m a n d is c a . 4 0 billion L ite r s ( ~ 1 0 . 5 Billion G a l l o n s ) , t h i s i m p l i e s t h a t o v e r 2 2 billion L ite r s o f u s e d o ils a r e b e i n g d i s p o s e d o f in g a r b a g e c a n s , s e w e r s , r i v e r s , a n d b a c k y a r d s - h a r m f u l p r a c t i c e s t h a t will likely c o n t a m i n a t e o u r d r i n k i n g w a t e r , r i v e r s t r e a m s , l a k e s , e t c . F o r e x a m p l e , o n l y o n e p i n t o f oil c a n p r o d u c e a o n e - a c r e s l i c k o n s u r f a c e w a t e r , h a r m i n g fish , a q u a t i c a n i m a l s , w a t e r f o w l , i n s e c t s , a n d t h e b a s e of t h e a q u a t i c fo o d w e b : flo atin g p la n k to n a n d a l g a e . T h e a b o v e hig h lig h ts th e im p o r ta n c e of s o u n d , c o m p r e h e n s i v e , a n d p ro a c tiv e e n v iro n m e n ta l l a w s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s f o r c o l l e c t i n g , h a n d l i n g , t r a n s p o r t i n g , s t o r i n g , a n d r e c y c l i n g u s e d o ils. A n e f f e c t i v e U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t a n d R e c y c l i n g P r o g r a m is n e e d e d in all c o u n t r i e s t o p r o t e c t , c o n s e r v e , a n d s a v e o u r e n v i r o n m e n t . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e c u r r e n t C A M p r o j e c t ’s g o a l s w e r e : a) R e v ie w th e c u r r e n t e n v iro n m e n ta l la w s a n d re g u la tio n s for u s e d lu b ric a n ts b) E v a lu a te th e c u rre n t m a rk e t, b u s in e s s , a n d c o n s u m p tio n of lu b rican ts c) S u rv e y th e c u rre n t p ra c tic e s of u s e d lu b ric an ts h an d lin g d) C o m p a r e v s . u s e d oil h a n d l i n g a n d r e c y c l i n g p r o g r a m s in l e a d i n g w e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s e) P r o v i d e b u s i n e s s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r f o llo w u p w o r k a n d f u t u r e s t u d i e s 2. 2 .1 E n v iro n m e n ta l R e g u la tio n s a n d L e g isla tio n E n v iro n m e n ta l, S a fe ty , a n d H ea lth (ESH ) L e g is la tio n a n d r e g u la tio n s f o r c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts a n d lu b ric a tin g o ils T h e C e n tr a l A m e r ic a n c o u n t r i e s h a v e m a n y c o m m o n f e a t u r e s . T h e s e in c lu d e sm all c o u n t r i e s ” w ith h i g h p r o p o r t i o n s o f u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n s , h i g h e t h n i c d i v e r s i t y , r a p i d l y e x p a n d i n g e c o n o m i e s w ith i n c r e a s i n g p o t e n t i a l f o r t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r . In C A M , e n v i r o n m e n t a l l e g i s l a t i o n a n d / o r r e g u l a t i o n s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s h a v e b e e n d e r i v e d a n d p u b l i s h e d . In m o s t c a s e s , h o w e v e r , t h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l R e g u l a t i o n s L e g i s l a t i o n h a v e n o t b e e n f o l l o w e d b y p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s w ith r i g o r o u s c o m p l i a n c e l a w s . T h i s is c o m b i n e d w ith t h e l a c k o f a w a r e n e s s f r o m t h e e n d u s e r o f t h e h a r m f u l e f f e c t s o f u s e d oil, l a c k o f t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s f o r f l e e t o w n e r s a n d o p e r a t o r s , a n d l a c k o f e c o n o m i c / b u s i n e s s in c e n tiv e s for p r o p e r h a n d lin g , co llectio n , tr a n s p o r t, s to r a g e , a n d recycling. 2 2 .2 L é g is la tio n , r e g u la to r y , a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a u d i t s to a s s e s s p o s s i b l e p o llu tio n o f so il, w a te r, g ro u n d w a te r, s tr e a m s , a n d riv ers B e f o r e th is r e p o r t w a s p r e p a r e d , a Q u e s t i o n n a i r e w a s p r o v id e d to CA M c o u n t r i e s to s u p p ly th e m o s t r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n o n U s e d O ils a n d t h e i r p o t e n t i a l R e c y c l i n g . T h e Q u e s t i o n n a i r e is p r o v i d e d in A p p e n d i x 1 . T h e list o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l A g e n c i e s in C A M c o u n t r i e s is g i v e n in A p p e n d i x 2. A s s t a t e d in S e c t i o n 1.1 ( a b o v e ) , t h e r e a r e s o m e e n v i r o n m e n t a l l a w s a n d / o r p r o p o s a l s f o r a s s e s s i n g t h e p o s s i b l e p o l l u t i o n o f soil, g r o u n d w a t e r , s t r e a m s , a n d r i v e r s . T h e s e a r e ty p i c a l le g isla tio n a n d / o r r e g u la tio n s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for p ro te c tin g , c o n s e r v in g , a n d s a v in g th e en v iro n m en tal resources (R eferen ces 2, 3). The leg isla tio n encourages th e p u b lic m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r , a n d t h e c o n s u m e r s t o p r o p e r l y h a n d l e u s e d o ils. H o w e v e r , t h e l a c k o f p r o a c t i v e a n d c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o m p l i a n c e l a w s m a k e s it v e r y difficult t o e n s u r e p r o p e r d i s p o s a l o f u s e d o ils. T h e c o m p l i a n c e a u d i t s c a n b e s e t u p t o b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s a n d lo c a l e n t i t i e s t o f o llo w u p w ith u s e d oil g e n e r a t o r s a n d u s e r s . H e r e b e l o w is a s u m m a r y o f c u r r e n t l e g i s l a t i o n a n d r e g u l a t i o n s f o r h y d r o c a r b o n m i x t u r e s a n d u s e d o ils in C A M : (w ith m a i n f e e d b a c k a n d r e v i e w b y Dr. H i l m a r Z e i s s i g ) . 2 . 2 .1 C o s ta R ica T h e n e w R e g l a m e n t o p a r a la R e g u l a c i ó n d e l S i s t e m a d e A l m a c e n a m i e n t o y C o m e r c ia l iz a c ió n d e H id r o c a r b u r o s ( D e c r e to N o . 2 8 6 2 4 - M i N A E d e l 1 8 d e m a y o d e 2 0 0 0 ) , w h i c h r e p l a c e s s e v e r a l o l d e r r e g u l a t i o n s , c o v e r s “g r a s a s y a c e i t e s lu b r i c a n t e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e f i n i t i o n s in A rt. 4 a n d p r o v i d e s f o r t h e g e n e r a l a u t h o r i t y o f t h e M in is te r io d e l A m b i e n t e y E n e r g í a t o e s t a b l i s h t e c h n i c a l n o r m s f o r t h e s a f e o p e r a t i o n s o f all d i s t r i b u t i o n a c t i v i t i e s F O R h y d r o c a r b o n d e r i v a t i v e s . A rt. 1 9 d e f i n e s t h e “s e r v i c i o d e lu b r ic a c ió n y e n g r a s e a s a “s e r v i c i o c o m p l e m e n t a r i o (Art. 1 9 ) w h i c h r e q u i r e s a u t h o r i z a t i o n u n d e r t h e g e n e r a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s . A rt. 3 7 o n l y m e n t i o n s t h e r e c o l e c c ió n d e g r a s a s y a c e i t e s a n d r e f e r s f o r its c o n t r o l t o t h e g e n e r a l w a s t e w a t e r r e g u l a t i o n s ( s e e b e l o w ) . It d o e s n o t c o n t a i n a n y p r o v i s i o n s f o r t h e h a n d l i n g o f u s e d l u b r i c a n t s . T h e R e g l a m e n t o p a r a la R e g u l a c i ó n d e l T r a n s p o r te y A c a r r e o d e lo D e r i v a d o s d e l P e t r ó l e o ( D e c r e to N o . 2 4 8 1 2 - M A E ) a l s o c o v e r s “l u b r i c a n te s , g r a s a s y a c e i t e s l u b r i c a n t e s ” a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e f i n i t i o n s in A rt. 5, b u t d o e s n o t e s t a b l i s h a n y s p e c i f i c r u l e s . B e c a u s e u s e d lu b rican ts g e n e ra lly co n ta in h a z a r d o u s a t v a rio u s c o n c e n tra tio n s, th e y a r e c o n s i d e r e d d a n g e r o u s s u b s t a n c e s u n d e r t h e le g isla tio n fo r m o s t CA M c o u n trie s . H o w e v e r, th is is c o n t r a r y t o t h e U S A P I d e f i n i t i o n o f u s e d o ils. In C o s t a R i c a , t h e R e g l a m e n t o p a r a e l T r a n s p o r t e T e r r e s tr e d e P r o d u c t o s P e l i g r o s o s ( D e c r e to N o . 2 4 1 5 - M O P T - M E I C - S d e l 1 d e n o v i e m b r e d e 1 9 9 5 ) c o v e r s u s e d l u b r i c a n t s u n d e r its g e n e r a l d e f i n i t i o n o f d a n g e r o u s s u b s t a n c e s , b u t it d o e s n o t m e n t i o n t h e m s p e c i f i c a l l y a n d r a t h e r r e f e r s t o n o r m s t o i s s u e d b y t h e r e s p e c t i v e n a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y in a c c o r d a n c e w ith t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e W T O a n d t h e U n ite d N a tio n s . T h e R e g l a m e n t o d e R e u s o y V e r tid o d e A g u a s R e s i d u a l e s ( D e c r e to E je c u t i v o N o . 2 6 0 4 2 - S M IN A E d e l 19 d e ju n io d e 1 9 9 7 ) e s t a b l i s h e s g e n e r a l f r a m e w o r k fo r c o n tro l a n d t r e a t m e n t of 3 w a s t e w a t e r a n d d e f i n e s “g r a s a s y a c e i t e s ’’ a s o n e o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s f o r t h e o b l i g a t o r y w a t e r a n a l y s i s (Art. 1 4 ) f o r w h i c h f r e q u e n c i e s o f t e s t i n g a n d m a x i m u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e d e f i n e d in th e A nexo. The M anual de In s tr u m e n to s T é c n ic o s d e l P r o c e s o d e E v a lu a c ió n d e l Im p a c to A m b ie n ta l ( R e s o l u c i ó n N o . 5 8 8 - 9 7 - S E T E N A d e l 2 8 d e a g o s t o d e 1 9 9 7 ) lis ts t h e “ u b r ic e n tr o s u n d e r t h e L i n s t a l l a t i o n s w h i c h a r e s u b j e c t s t o o b l i g a t o r y E IA s , b u t d o e s n o t c o n t a i n a n y p r o v i s i o n s f o r t h e h a n d lin g of u s e d lu b rican ts. 2 .2 .2 El S a l v a d o r A s f a r a s w e c o u l d e s t a b l i s h , El S a l v a d o r is t h e o n l y o f t h e s i x c o u n t r i e s , w h i c h h a s a t e c h n i c a l s t a n d a r d f o r “P r o d u c t o s d e P e t r ó le o . A c e i t e s L u b r i c a n t e s p a r a M o t o r e s a G a s o lin a y D ie s e l. E s p e c i f i c a c i o n e s . N o r m a S a l v a d o r e ñ a N S O 7 5 .0 4 .0 9 .9 9 , i s s u e d b y t h e C o n s e j o N a c i o n a l d e C i e n c ia y T e c n o l o g ía , C O N A C Y T , in 1 9 9 9 . It is a n a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e O fficial M e x i c a n N o r m N O M - L - 2 1 - 1 9 9 0 , w h i c h in t u r n is b a s e d o n i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s i s s u e d b y A S T M , A P I , IE C , ISO a n d S A E of 1 9 9 6 a n d b efo re, m a n y of w h ich a r e n o t th e la te s t v e rsio n s . T h e re fo re , th e N o r m a S a l v a d o r e ñ a n e e d s t o b e u p d a t e d w ith c u r r e n t s t a n d a r d s in p r a c t i c e in t h e U S A a n d elsew h ere. A l s o , El S a l v a d o r is in t h e p r o c e s s o f d r a f t i n g a t e c h n i c a l s t a n d a r d f o r u s e d l u b r i c a n t s , t h e “A n t e p r o y e c t o d e N o r m a d e A c e i t e s U s a d o s . It c o n t a i n s d e t a i l e d p r o v i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e g e n e r a tio n , co llec tio n , tr a n s p o r t, in c in e ra tio n , p r o c e s s i n g a n d re-re fin in g , m a in ly b a s e d o n S u b p a r t F- S t a n d a r d s f o r U s e d Oil P r o c e s s o r s a n d R e - r e f i n e r s , 2 7 9 . 5 0 - 2 7 9 o f t h e U S E P A 4 0 C F R 2 6 0 - 2 9 9 o f 1 9 9 6 a n d s u b s e q u e n t re v is io n s . T h e d ra ft s e e m s to b e partially b a s e d o n re c o m m e n d a tio n s m a d e by c o n s u lta n ts S w is s C o n ta c t th a t h a s a p ro ject c o n c e rn in g u s e d l u b r i c a n t s in L a tin A m e r i c a . L i k e w i s e , t h e p r o c e s s e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s d e s c r i b e d in t h e a b o v e n e e d t o b e u p d a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o s t a n d a r d s u s e d in t h e u S a a n d G e r m a n y b u t c u s t o m i z e d to lo c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s . L a s t y e a r , El S a l v a d o r i s s u e d a s e r i e s o f g e n e r a l t e c h n i c a l r e g u l a t i o n s , b a s e d o n t h e L e y d e M e d io A m b i e n t e , w h i c h a l s o c o v e r l u b r i c a n t s , s u c h a s : T h e R e g la m e n to E s p e c ia l d e A g u a s R e s i d u a le s (D e c r e to N o . 3 9 d e l 1 d e ju n io d e 2 0 0 0 ), e s t a b l i s h e s g e n e r a l f r a m e w o r k f o r c o n t r o l a n d t r e a t m e n t o f w a s t e w a t e r a n d d e f i n e s “g r a s a s y a c e i t e s ” a s o n e o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s f o r t h e o b l i g a t o r y w a t e r a n a l y s i s (Art. 1 5 ) f o r w h i c h f r e q u e n c i e s a n d p a r a m e t e r s f o r t h e t e s t i n g a r e e s t a b l i s h e d in t h i s r e g u l a t i o n . T h e R e g l a m e n t o E s p e c i a l d e N o r m a s T é c n i c a s d e C a l id a d A m b i e n t a l ( D e c r e t o N o . 4 0 d e l 1 d e ju n io d e 2 0 0 0 ) d e f in e s , a m o n g o th e r s , g e n e r a l quality p a r a m e t e r s for w a s t e w a t e r w h ic h do, h o w e v e r , n o t r e f e r t o s u b s t a n c e s c o n t a i n e d in u s e d l u b r i c a n t s ( A r t.2 4 ). It a l s o s t a t e s w i t h o u t a n y f u rth e r d e ta ils th a t th e h a n d lin g a n d d is p o s itio n o f r e s i d u e s of d a n g e r o u s s u b s t a n c e s sh a ll b e p e r f o r m e d in a c c o r d a n c e w ith t h e L e y d e M e d io A m b i e n t e a n d o t h e r a p p l i c a b l e l a w s a n d s p e c i a l reg u la tio n s. T h e R e g l a m e n t o E s p e c i a l e n M a te r ia d e S u s t a n c i a s R e s i d u o s y D e s e c h o s P e l i g r o s o s ( D e c r e to N o . 4 1 d e l 1 d e ju n io d e 2 0 0 0 ) s e t s a m o d e r n f ra m e w o r k for t h e re g istra tio n , lab elin g , tra n s p o rt, h an d lin g , t r e a tm e n t a n d control of d a n g e r o u s s u b s t a n c e s u n d e r v e ry g e n e r a l d efin itio n s w h ic h 4 in c lu d e a r e f e r e n c e to m e z c l a s y e m u l s i o n e s d e d e s e c h o s d e a c e i t e s y a g u a o d e h i d r o c a r b u r o s y a g u a . ” (Art. 2 2 ) . F o r m o r e s p e c i f i c d e f i n i t i o n s r e f e r e n c e is m a d e t o v a r i o u s i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r e a t i e s , w h i c h El S a l v a d o r ra tifie d . El S a l v a d o r d o e s n o t y e t h a v e a m o d e r n d o w n s t r e a m p e t r o l e u m la w , b u t a bill h a s b e e n p e n d i n g f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s in t h e l e g i s l a t u r e . T h e l a t e s t d r a f t w o u l d c o v e r l u b r i c a n t s u n d e r t h e g e n e r a l s a f e ty a n d e n v iro n m e n ta l p ro v isio n s, b u t d o e s n o t c o n ta in a n y p ro v is io n s for t h e h a n d lin g of u s e d lu b ric an ts. 2 .2 .3 G u a te m a la L u b r i c a n t s a r e i n c l u d e d in t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f p e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s g o v e r n e d b y t h e n e w L e y d e C o m e r c ia l iz a c ió n d e H id r o c a r b u r o s a n d its R e g l a m e n t o ( D e c r e to N o . 5 2 2 - 9 9 d e l 2 2 d e ju lio d e 1 9 9 9 ) a n d its g e n e r a l s a f e t y a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o v i s i o n s , w h i c h , h o w e v e r , d o n o t c o n t a i n s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e to, u s e d l u b r i c a n t s . O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e L ey d e P ro te c c ió n y M e jo ra m ie n to d el M e d io A m b ie n te ( D e c r e to No. 6 8 ­ 8 6 ) p r o v id e s for s e r v ic e s ta tio n s to h a v e a p p r o p r ia te r e c e p t a c l e s for th e re c o llec tio n of u s e d l u b r i c a n t s a n d e n g i n e o ils o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m p r i v a t e c o n s u m e r s o r f r o m l u b r i c a t i o n o r oil c h a n g e s e r v i c e s f o r t h e i r s u b s e q u e n t t r e a t m e n t , r e c y c l i n g o r i n c i n e r a t i o n (Art. 5 1 ) . T h e s a m e p r o v i s i o n s a p p l y f o r p e t r o l e u m s t o r a g e f a c ilitie s . T h e M i n i s t e r i o d e E n e r g í a y M i n a s h a s d r a f t e d a R e g l a m e n t o p a r a el M a n e j o d e M e z c l a s O l e o s a s y A c e i t e s L u b r i c a n t e s U s a d o s , w h i c h is in t h e p r o c e s s o f l e g i s l a t i v e a p p r o v a l a n d c o n t a in s p r o v is io n s c o n c e r n in g t h e g e n e r a tio n , collection, tr a n s p o r t, in c in e ra tio n , p r o c e s s in g a n d r e - r e f i n i n g o f u s e d l u b r i c a n t s . Its t e c h n i c a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e m a i n l y b a s e d in A P I , S A E , A STM , a n d N FP A s ta n d a rd s . H ow ever, th e a fo re m e n tio n e d d o c u m e n t a d d r e s s e s th e h y d r o c a r b o n m i x t u r e s ( s u c h a s f u e l s ) a n d u s e d l u b r i c a n t s in t h e s a m e c a t e g o r y . T h i s n e e d s t o b e r e c t i f i e d a s f u e l s a n d u s e d l u b r i c a n t s a r e t w o i m p o r t a n t b u t d i f f e r e n t p r o d u c t c a t e g o r i e s in a p p lic a tio n , h a n d lin g , s to r a g e , tr a n s p o r t, rec y clin g , etc. A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e E n e r g y a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l M i n i s t r i e s , in c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h o t h e r a u t h o r i t i e s a n d p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y , h a v e in i t i a t e d s i n c e 1 9 9 8 t h e P r o g r a m a V o lu n ta r io d e R e c o l e c c i o n d e A c e i t e s U s a d o s . In its f irs t p h a s e w h i c h s t a r t e d 1 9 9 9 , t h e p r o g r a m e s t a b l i s h e s t h e c o m m i t m e n t o f t h e oil c o m p a n i e s t o r e c o l l e c t 4 0 % u s e d l u b r i c a n t a n d e n g i n e o ils w h i c h a r e i m p o r t e d a n d d i s t r i b u t e d t o t h e m a y o r i n d u s t r i a l a n d c o m m e r c i a l c o n s u m e r s f o r i n c i n e r a t i o n in C e m e n t o s P r o g r e s o p l a n t s . D u r i n g t h e s e c o n d p h a s e s t a r t i n g in 2 0 0 0 , m e d i u m s i z e c o n s u m e r s a r e to p a r t i c i p a t e in t h e p r o g r a m , a n d t h e t h ir d p h a s e will i n c l u d e all c o n s u m e r g r o u p s . T h e c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t a n d lo c a l m u n i c i p a l i t i e s a r e to p r o v i d e s c e n t r a l i z e d s t o r a g e f a c iliti e s f o r a t h o s e c o n s u m e r s w h i c h d o n o t h a v e t h e i r o w n i n s t a l l a t i o n s . H o w e v e r , it d o e s n o t s e e m like m u c h p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n m a d e b a s e d o n t h e in fo rm a tio n c o lle c te d fro m t h e D G H . T h is i s s u e n e e d s to b e re v isite d a n d fo llo w ed a c c o r d in g to t h e m a jo r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of th is p ro jec t. ( S e e e n d of th is rep o rt). 2 .2 .4 H o n d u ras G e n e r a l p r o v i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g h y d r o c a r b o n q u a l i t i e s a r e c o n t a i n e d in t h e R e g l a m e n t o p a r a E j e r c e r C o n tr o l d e C a l id a d y C a n t i d a d d e l o s C o m b u s t i b l e s D e r i v a d o s d e l P e t r ó l e o ( A c u e r d o 5 E j e c u t i v o N o. 6 9 7 - 8 6 d e l 2 6 d e s e p t i e m b r e d e 1 9 8 6 y A c u e r d o E j e c u t i v o N o . 2 1 6 - 9 5 d e l 2 0 d e d ic ie m b re d e 1995). A d ra ft R e g l a m e n t o T é c n ic o d e lo s A c e ite s L u b r ic a n te s p a r a M o to r a G a s o l in a y D ie s e l (n o d a te , r e c e iv e d 7 /2 0 0 1 ) w a s p r e p a r e d by th e S e c r e t a r í a d e In d u stria y C o m e rc io , C o m is ió n I n t e r i n s t i t u c i o n a l d e N o r m a l i z a c i ó n , p r e p a r e d b y a T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e w ith p u b i c a n d p r i v a t e s e c t o r p a r t i c i p a t i o n . It e s t a b l i s h e s l u b r i c a n t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a c c o r d i n g t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l n o r m s a n d o u tla w s u s e of o b s o l e t e q u a litie s (SA , S B , S C , S D , S E , CA, C B , y C C ). T h e d r a f t o f a n e w L e y d e C o m e r c ia l iz a c ió n d e H id r o c a r b u r o s , w h i c h h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d in H o n d u r a s for s e v e r a l y e a r s , w o u ld c o v e r lu b ric a n ts u n d e r g e n e r a l lic en s in g , q u ality co n tro l, s a f e t y , e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s f o r all h y d r o c a r b o n s . 2 .2 .5 N ic a ra g u a T h e L e y d e S u m i n i s t r o d e H id r o c a r b u r o s , L e y N o . 2 7 7 d e l 6 d e F e b r e r o d e 1 9 9 8 a n d t h e R e g l a m e n t o d e la L e y d e S u m i n i s t r o d e H id r o c a r b u r o s , D e c r e t o N o . 3 8 - 9 8 d e l 6 d e M a y o d e 1 9 9 9 c o v e r lu b ric a n ts u n d e r t h e d e ta ile d a n d m o d e r n lic en sin g , q u ality co n tro l, s a fe ty , e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s f o r all h y d r o c a r b o n p r o d u c t s . B u t it is u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h o s e p ro v isio n s h a v e s o fa r n o t b e e n e n f o r c e d for lu b ric a n ts a n d n o te c h n ic a l re g u la tio n s o r n o r m s h a v e b e e n i s s u e d fo r u s e d lu b r ic a n ts b y IN E a s t h e r e g u la to r y a u th o rity u n d e r t h e b e f o r e m e n t i o n e d law . T h e D i s p o s i c i o n e s p a r a e l C o n tr o l d e la c o n t a m i n a c i ó n p r o v e n i e n t e s d e l a s d e s c a r g a s d e a g u a s r e s i d u a l e s d o m é s t i c a s , i n d u s t r i a l e s y a g r o p e c u a r i a s ( D e c r e to E j e c u t i v o N o . 3 3 - 9 5 d e l 2 6 d e ju n io d e 19 9 5 ) e s t a b l i s h e s th e g e n e r a l f r a m e w o r k fo r co n tro l a n d t r e a t m e n t o f w a s t e w a t e r w h ic h a l s o c o v e r c o n ta m in a tio n s by lu b rican ts. 2 .2 .6 Panam á A s fa r a s w e c o u ld e s ta b lis h , n o r e c e n t g e n e r a l leg isla tio n for t h e h y d r o c a r b o n s e c t o r e x is t a n d n o sp e cific re g u la tio n s th a t c o v e r lu b ric an ts w e r e is s u e d . 2 .3 R u le s a n d r e g u la tio n s f o r p r o d u c t f o r m u la tio n s , p a c k a g in g , la b e lin g , p a c k a g in g , h a z a r d id e n tific a tio n , tr a n s p o r ta tio n , a n d s t o r a g e C u r r e n t l y , a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f l u b r i c a n t s s o l d in C A M is i m p o r t e d f r o m t h e U S A , e s p e c i a l l y t h e b r a n d e d a n d p a c k a g e d m o t o r oils. S o m e p r o d u c t s a r e a l s o i m p o r t e d in b u l k f r o m U S toll b l e n d e r s a n d p a c k a g e r s . T h e U S b r a n d e d a n d p a c k a g e d p r o d u c t s a r e g e n e r a l l y c o m p l i a n t w ith U S l a w s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s f o r p a c k a g i n g , l a b e l i n g , h a z a r d id e n t i f i c a t i o n , e t c . T h e r e f o r e , a s l o n g a s e x p o r te d p r o d u c ts to CA M from t h e U S A a r e m a d e of th e s a m e U S fo rm u la tio n s ( s a m e a d d itiv e a n d b a s e oil c o m p o n e n t s ) , t h e r e a r e c o m p l i a n t w ith U S l a w s t h a t a r e g e n e r a l l y v e r y a d e q u a t e . H o w e v e r , t h e r e a r e o t h e r p r o d u c t s t h a t c o m e f r o m o t h e r L a tin A m e r i c a n c o u n t r i e s t h a t d o n o t h a v e s o u n d a n d c o m p r e h e n s i v e r e g u la tio n s for p r o d u c t fo rm u la tio n s, p a c k a g in g , lab elin g , p a c k a g i n g , h a z a r d id entification , tr a n s p o r ta tio n , a n d s t o r a g e . T h e s e a r e t h e im p o r te d p r o d u c ts 6 t h a t n e e d to procedures. be e v a lu a ted , te ste d , and reg u la ted v ia im p o rts leg isla tio n and co m p lia n ce C u r r e n t l y , t h e r e a r e n o r e g u l a t i o n s in m o s t C A M c o u n t r i e s f o r p r o d u c t f o r m u l a t i o n s , p a c k a g i n g , la b elin g , p a c k a g i n g , h a z a r d id en tificatio n, tr a n s p o r ta tio n , a n d s t o r a g e . T h e e x i s t e n c e o f s u c h l a w s w o u l d p r o t e c t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t f o r b o t h lo c a ll y m a d e p r o d u c t s a s w e ll a s i m p o r t e d p r o d u c t s . 2 .4 R e g u l a t i o n s f o r m o n i t o r i n g u n w a n t e d s u b s t a n c e s in u s e d l u b r i c a t i n g o i l s s u c h a s tr a c e m e ta ls, c h lo rin a te d s o lv e n ts , g a s o lin e , d ie se l, a ro m a tic h y d ro c a rb o n s , g ly c o ls, a n d P C B s L i k e w i s e , t h e r e a r e n o lo c a l C A M r e g u l a t i o n s f o r u n w a n t e d s u b s t a n c e s s u c h a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e . T h e r e g u l a t i o n s f o r m o n i t o r i n g t r a c e m e t a l s ( l e a d c o m i n g f o r m f u e l) , c h l o r i n a t e d s o l v e n t s , a n d P C B ’s a r e o v e r w h e l m i n g i m p o r t a n t . T h e s e a r e v e r y h a r m f u l t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . 2 .5 M a teria l S a f e ty D a ta S h e e t s (M S D S ) f o r p r o d u c t s a n d p ro d u c ts c o m p o n e n ts for lo c a lly -m a d e a n d im p o rte d lu b ric a n ts T h e M S D S f o r p r o d u c t s d e s c r i b e t h e m a j o r c o m p o n e n t s c o n t a i n e d in t h e p r o d u c t s O f t e n , t h e s e p r o d u c t s c o m p o n e n t s a r e n o t e d in a g e n e r i c m a n n e r t o p r o t e c t t h e a n d p ro p rie ta ry in fo rm atio n . F o r p rac tica l p u r p o s e s , th e M S D S a r e a g o o d a s s e s s i n g t h e r e l a t i v e s a f e t y o f h a n d l i n g t h e f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t , its p o t e n t i a l h e a l t h en v iro n m en tal co n sid eratio n s. fo rm u latio n s. tra d e s e c re ts in d ic a to r for im p a c ts, a n d In g e n e r a l , i m p o r t e d U S l u b r i c a n t s d o c o m e w ith M S D S a l o n g w ith o t h e r p r o d u c t d o c u m e n t a t i o n s u c h a s p r o d u c t d a t a s h e e t s , IS O 9 0 0 2 certification of th e p la n t t h a t m a n u f a c t u r e s t h e p r o d u c ts . H o w e v e r , p r o d u c t s m a d e lo c a ll y o r i m p o r t e d f o r m o t h e r L a tin A m e r i c a n c o u n t r i e s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y m e e t o r h a v e all t h e M S D S n e e d e d . 2 .6 R e g u la tio n , c o m p lia n c e p r o c e d u re s , a n d certifica tio n p r o c e s s e s fo r d e s ig n , c o n s tru c tio n , o p e ra tio n a n d re s to ra tio n o f lu b e m a n u fa c tu rin g , d istrib u tio n c e n te rs , a n d o th e r p r o p e r tie s a n d fac ilities to e n s u r e e x c e lle n c e B a s e d o n t h e in fo rm a tio n w e r e c e iv e d fro m th e CA M c o u n trie s , t h e r e a r e n o re g u la tio n , c o m p lia n c e p r o c e d u r e s , a n d certification p r o c e s s e s fo r d e s ig n , c o n s tru c tio n , o p e r a tio n a n d r e s to r a tio n o f lu b e m a n u f a c tu r in g p la n ts a n d d istrib u tio n c e n te r s . C o m p lia n c e p r o c e d u r e s a n d c e r t i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e s c u r r e n t l y u til iz e d in t h e U S A c a n b e a d a p t e d t o lo c a l C A M c o n d i t i o n s a n d u s e d effectiv ely . 3. 3 .1 U s e d O il D e f i n i t i o n , I s s u e s , a n d R e c y c l i n g C o n s i d e r a t i o n s D e f i n i t i o n o f U s e d O il In t h i s p r o j e c t w e will f o c u s o n u s e d l u b r i c a n t s ; o t h e r h y d r o c a r b o n m i x t u r e s (“M e z c l a s O l e o s a s ”) will n o t b e d i s c u s s e d in d e t a i l in t h i s r e p o r t . 7 T h e U S E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y s ( E P A ) r e g u l a t o r y d e f i n i t i o n o f u s e d oil is a s f o l l o w s U s e d o il i s a n y o il t h a t h a s b e e n r e f i n e d fr o m c r u d e o il o r a n y s y n t h e t i c o il t h a t h a s b e e n u s e d a n d a s a r e s u lt o f s u c h u s e is c o n ta m in a te d b y p h y s ic a l o r c h e m ic a l im p u r itie s . T h e r e f o r e , u s e d l u b r i c a n t is a n y p e t r o l e u m - b a s e d o r s y n t h e t i c oil t h a t h a s b e e n u s e d d u r i n g n o r m a l l u b r i c a t i o n a p p l i c a t i o n . I m p u r i t i e s s u c h a s dirt, w e a r m e t a l s , c o n d e n s e d w a t e r , “b l o w - b y ” u n b u r n e d fu e l, c o m b u s t i o n p r o d u c t s , o r c h e m i c a l s c a n g e t m i x e d in w ith t h e oil, s o t h a t in t i m e t h e oil n o l o n g e r l u b r i c a t e s w e ll. E v e n t u a l l y , t h i s u s e d oil m u s t b e r e p l a c e d w ith n e w oil ( b a s e d o n e i t h e r v ir g in oil o r r e - r e f i n e d b a s e oil). T h e r e a r e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f U s e d O ils. T h e f o llo w in g is a m a j o r list • S y n t h e t i c o ils, w h i c h a r e u s u a l l y d e r i v e d f r o m c o a l , s h a l e , o r p o l y m e r - b a s e d s t a r t i n g m aterial. • E n g i n e oils, w h i c h i n c l u d e g a s o l i n e a n d d i e s e l e n g i n e c r a n k c a s e oils, a n d p i s t o n - e n g i n e o ils f o r a u t o m o b i l e s , t r u c k s , b o a t s , a i r p l a n e s , l o c o m o t i v e s , a n d h e a v y e q u i p m e n t . • T r a n s m i s s i o n f lu id s. • R e f r i g e r a t i o n oils. • C o m p r e s s o r oils. • M e t a l w o r k i n g f lu id s a n d oils. • M in i n g o ils • L a m i n a t i n g oils. • I n d u s t r i a l h y d r a u l i c f lu id s. • C o p p e r a n d a l u m i n u m w i r e d r a w i n g s o l u t i o n o ils • E l e c t r i c a l i n s u l a t i n g oil. • I n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s oils. • O ils u s e d a s b u o y a n t s . T h i s list d o e s n o t i n c l u d e all t y p e s o f u s e d oil. B a s e d o n t h e U S E P A ’s r e g u l a t o r y d e f in i tio n , U s e d Oil d o e s n o t i n c l u d e a n y o f t h e fo llo w in g : • W a s t e oil t h a t is b o t t o m c l e a n - o u t w a s t e f r o m v ir g in f u e l s t o r a g e t a n k s , v ir g in f u e l oil spill c l e a n u p s , o r o t h e r oil w a s t e s t h a t h a v e n o t a c t u a l l y b e e n u s e d . • P ro d u c ts s u c h a s an tifre ez e a n d k e ro se n e . • V e g e t a b l e a n d a n i m a l oil, e v e n w h e n u s e d a s a l u b r i c a n t . • P e tr o le u m d istilla tes u s e d a s s o lv e n ts . 8 O ils t h a t d o n o t m e e t t h e U S E P A s d e f i n i t i o n o f u s e d oil c a n still p o l l u t e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t w h e n n o t a d e q u a t e l y d i s p o s e d of a n d c o u ld b e s u b j e c t to ty p ic al r e g u la tio n s for h a z a r d o u s w a s t e m an ag em en t. 3 .2 T y p e s o f b u s i n e s s e s t h a t h a n d l e u s e d o il T h e r e a r e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f b u s i n e s s e s t h a t h a n d l e u s e d oil. T h e f o llo w in g a r e t h e t y p i c a l a n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t p a r t i c i p a n t s in t h e u s e d oil h a n d l i n g , c o l l e c t i o n , t r a n s p o r t , s t o r a g e , r e c y c l i n g : L u b r i c a n t P r o d u c e r s , w h i c h a r e t h e l u b r i c a n t m a r k e t e r s , oil c o m p a n i e s t h a t p r o d u c e b a s e oil a t t h e i r r e f i n e r i e s a n d b l e n d it w ith a d d i t i v e s t o m a k e f i n i s h e d l u b r i c a n t s , a n d Toll B l e n d e r s / P a c k a g e r s (lu b rican t m a n u fa c tu r e rs ) G e n e r a t o r s , w h i c h a r e b u s i n e s s e s t h a t h a n d l e , u s e d oil t h r o u g h c o m m e r c i a l o r i n d u s t r i a l o p e r a tio n s o r from th e m a i n t e n a n c e of v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t. G e n e r a t o r s a r e t h e la r g e s t s e g m e n t o f t h e u s e d oil i n d u s t r y . T h e y i n c l u d e c a r r e p a i r s h o p s , s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s , q u i c k l u b e s h o p s , m a s s m e r c h a n d i s e r s , g r o c e r y s to r e s , m e ta lw o rk in g a n d m ining in d u strie s. C o l l e c t i o n C e n t e r s , w h i c h a r e f a c iliti e s t h a t a c c e p t s m a l l a m o u n t s o f u s e d oil a n d s t o r e it until e n o u g h is c o l l e c t e d t o s h i p it e l s e w h e r e f o r r e c y c l i n g . C o l l e c t i o n c e n t e r s ty p i c a l l y a c c e p t u s e d oil f r o m m u l t i p l e s o u r c e s t h a t i n c l u d e b o t h b u s i n e s s e s a n d in d i v i d u a l s . T r a n s p o r t e r s , w h i c h a r e c o m p a n i e s t h a t p i c k u p u s e d oil f r o m v a r i o u s s o u r c e s a n d d e l i v e r it to re -re fin e rs , p r o c e s s o r s , r e c y c le r s , etc. B u r n e r s , w h i c h b u r n u s e d oil f o r e n e r g y r e c o v e r y in c o m m e r c i a l b o i l e r s , i n d u s t r i a l f u r n a c e s , o r in h a z a r d o u s w a s t e i n c i n e r a t o r s . R e - r e f i n e r s a n d P r o c e s s o r s , w h o r e - r e f i n e o r r e p r o c e s s u s e d oil s o t h a t it c a n b e r e u s e d in a n e w p ro d u c t s u c h a s a lu b rican t a n d re c y c le d a g a in a n d a g a in . 3 .3 R e c y c lin g M e th o d s, p r o c e s s e s , a n d p r o c e d u re s O n c e oil h a s b e e n u s e d a n d d r a i n e d f r o m t h e l u b r i c a t e d e q u i p m e n t , it c a n b e c o l l e c t e d , r e c y c l e d , a n d u s e d a g a i n . It c a n b e r e p r o c e s s e d a n d r e - r e f i n e d f o r u s e a s n e w oil o r u s e d a s a n e n e r g y s o u r c e . F o r e x a m p l e , u s e d m o t o r oil c a n b e r e - r e f i n e d a n d s o l d a t t h e s t o r e a s m o t o r oil o r p r o c e s s e d f o r f u r n a c e f u e l oil. A l u m i n u m rollin g o ils a l s o c a n b e f il t e r e d o n s i t e a n d u s e d o v e r a g a i n . U s e d oil c a n b e r e c y c l e d v i a t h e f o llo w in g p r o c e s s e s : O n s i t e r e c o n d i t i o n i n g , w h i c h i n v o l v e s r e m o v i n g i m p u r i t i e s (dirt, h e a v y d e p o s i t s , e t c . ) f r o m t h e u s e d oil a n d u s i n g it a g a i n . R e p r o c e s s i n g , w h i c h i n v o l v e s i n t r o d u c i n g u s e d oil in to a p e t r o l e u m r e f i n e r y a s a f e e d s t o c k a n d p ro d u c e g aso lin e a n d coke. R e - r e f i n i n g , w h i c h i n v o l v e s r e m o v i n g i m p u r i t i e s s o t h a t it c a n b e u s e d a s b a s e oil f o r n e w lu b ric atin g oil. R e-refin in g p ro lo n g s th e life of th e oil resource i n d e f i n ite l y v ia th is 9 ’ r e g e n e r a t i o n ” p r o c e s s . T h i s f o r m o f r e c y c l i n g is g e n e r a l l y t h e p r e f e r r e d o p t i o n b e c a u s e it c l o s e s t h e r e c y c l i n g l o o p b y r e u s i n g t h e oil t o m a k e t h e s a m e o r i g i n a l p r o d u c t . B u r n i n g f o r e n e r g y r e c o v e r y , w h i c h i n v o l v e s r e m o v i n g w a t e r a n d p a r t i c u l a t e s s o t h a t u s e d oil c a n b e b u r n e d a s fuel to g e n e r a t e h e a t o r to p o w e r in d u stria l o p e r a tio n s . 3 .4 E n v i r o n m e n t a l a d v a n t a g e s a n d b e n e f i t s f o r U s e d O il R e c y c l i n g T h e r e a r e m a n y b e n e f i t s f o r r e c y c l i n g u s e d o ils. T h e s e i m p o r t a n t a n d v e r y t a n g i b l e b e n e f i t s c a n b e d e m o n s t r a t e d d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e m e t h o d o f r e c y c l i n g u s e d o ils. All t h e r e c y c l i n g m e t h o d s h a v e t h e f o llo w in g a d v a n t a g e s : • P ro te c tin g , c o n s e r v in g , a n d s a v in g t h e e n v i r o n m e n ta l r e s o u r c e s s u c h a s river s t r e a m s , l a n d soil, u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r , g r e e n f o r e s t s , e t c . • C o n s e r v i n g a n d u tilizin g m o r e e f f e c t i v e l y t h e c o u n t r i e s ’ e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s • R e d u c i n g e n e r g y i m p o r t s a n d utilizin g b e t t e r t h e c o u n t r i e s f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s • C re a tin g ad d itio n a l e m p lo y m e n t th ru g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s a n d p riv a te s e c to r • R e c o v e r a n d u tiliz e m o r e u s e d oil, f ilte r s a n d c o n t a i n e r s . T h e r e a r e m a n y w a y s w e c a n q u a n t i f y t h e a b o v e b e n e f i t s . T h e f o llo w in g e x a m p l e s i l l u s t r a t e t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f r e c y c l i n g u s e d m o t o r o ils ( R e f e r e n c e 4) • O n e g a l l o n o f u s e d m o t o r oil c a n p r o v i d e e n o u g h e l e c t r i c i t y t o r u n t h e a v e r a g e h o u s e h o l d for a b o u t a day. • T w o g a l l o n s o f r e c y c l e d oil c a n : 1. C o o k 4 8 m e a l s in a m i c r o w a v e o v e n 2. B low d ry y o u r h a ir 2 1 6 tim e s 3. V a c u u m y o u r h o u s e for 15 m o n th s 4. W a tc h te le v isio n for 1 8 0 h o u r s • O n l y o n e g a l l o n o f r e - r e f i n e d u s e d oil is n e e d e d t o p r o d u c e 2 . 5 q u a r t s o f m o t o r oil, w h i l e 4 2 g a l l o n s o f c r u d e oil is n e e d e d t o p r o d u c e t h e s a m e a m o u n t . • R e c y c l i n g t h e m o t o r oil f r o m o n e oil c h a n g e p r o t e c t s a m illion g a l l o n s o f d r i n k i n g w a t e r o r a y e a r ’s s u p p l y f o r 5 0 p e o p l e . 10 4. 4 .1 E n g i n e O il C h a n g e s b y m a r k e t s e g m e n t (D IF M v s . D I Y e r s ) V o l u m e o f O il C h a n g e s b y m a r k e t s e g m e n t i n 2 0 0 0 In t h e a u t h o r ’s p a s t e x p e r i e n c e ( R e f e r e n c e 5 ) : t h e D o - I t - F o r - M e ( D I F M ) m a r k e t in t e r m s o f oil c h a n g e s d o m i n a t e s t h e L a tin A m e r i c a n m a r k e t ( i n c l u d i n g C A M ) . In o t h e r w o r d s , t h e b u s i n e s s g e n e r a t o r s o f u s e d o ils s u c h a s c a r d e a l e r s h i p s , c a r g a r a g e s , “l u b r i c e n t r o s ”, a n d s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s d o a v e r y h i g h p r o p o r t i o n o f m o t o r oil c h a n g e s . O n l y a s m a l l p e r c e n t a g e o f m o t o r oil c h a n g e s a r e d o n e d i r e c t l y b y c o n s u m e r s t h e m s e l v e s , D o - I t - Y o u r s e l f e r s (DIY). In L a tin A m e r i c a , it is g e n e r a l l y e s t i m a t e d t h a t u p t o 7 5 % o f m o t o r oil c h a n g e s a r e c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e D IF M s e c t o r . 4 .2 P a s s e n g e r C a r M o t o r O il D e m a n d In t h e d a t a r e p o r t e d b y t h e H o n d u r a s g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s , o v e r 8 5 % o f m o t o r oil c h a n g e s a r e p e r f o r m e d b y t h e D IF M s e c t o r . T h i s d a t a is in lin e w ith t h e o b s e r v a t i o n m a d e a b o v e f o r L a tin A m e r i c a n m a r k e t s . M o r e i m p o r t a n t l y , t h e f a c t t h a t oil c h a n g e s a r e d o n e b y t h e v a r i o u s a u t o m o t i v e b u s i n e s s e s (D I F M ) r a t h e r t h a n b y t h e c o n s u m e r s t h e m s e l v e s ( D y e r s ) is a g r e a t s t e p in t h e r i g h t d i r e c t i o n in t e r m s o f t h e p o t e n t i a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r c r e a t i n g , o r g a n i z i n g , a n d e n c o u r a g i n g u s e d oil c o l l e c t i o n a n d r e c y c l i n g c o m p a n i e s . In o t h e r w o r d s , it is a lot e a s i e r t o o r g a n i z e a n d s e t u p c o l l e c t i o n / r e c y c l i n g c o m p a n i e s t h a t w o r k d i r e c t l y w ith oil c h a n g e c e n t e r s t h a n w ith c o n s u m e r s , w h o a r e g e n e r a l l y u n a w a r e a n d / o r n o t t r a i n e d a b o u t t h e h a n d l i n g o f u s e d oils. T a b l e 1 : H o n d u r a s - P a s s e n g e r C a r M o t o r O ils D e m a n d b y T r a d e C h a n n e l in 2 0 0 0 S e rv ic e S tatio n s G a ra g e s W orkshops 3 0 .0 0 % 20 .00% “S p e c i a l c a r e ” 1 .0 0 % L u b rice n tro s T y p e A 1 3 .0 0 % L u b rice n tro s T y p e B 1 3 .0 0 % D e a l e r s (in clu d in g s u p e r m a r k e t s ) 2 3 .0 0 % Source: Mobil H o n d u ra s 5. 5 .1 R e c y c le d O ils B y C h a n n e l o f T ra d e S o m e p r o g r a m s o f r e c y c le d u s e d o ils A s d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r , t h e r e a r e n o l a r g e - s c a l e c o l l e c t i o n a n d r e c y c l i n g p r o g r a m s o f u s e d o ils in C A M . T h e y a r e h o w e v e r s o m e s m a l l o p p o r t u n i t y - d r i v e n c o m p a n i e s t h a t c o l l e c t u s e d o ils a n d se ll t h e m t o c e m e n t a n d b a n a n a f a c t o r i e s , w h i c h u tiliz e u s e d o ils a s fu e l. F o r e x a m p l e , in H o n d u r a s t h r e e s m a l l c o m p a n i e s t h a t r e c y c l e u s e d oil a s h e a t i n g / b u r n i n g f u e l a r e i n d i c a t e d b e l o w . 11 T a b l e 2 : H o n d u r a s - C o m p a n i e s t h a t r e c y c l e u s e d o ils Industrial C o m p a n i e s N u m b e r of G allo n s/m o n th C o llectio n O u tle ts S t a n d a r d F r u it C o m p a n y ( B a n a n e r a ) . 1 1 ,2 0 0 .0 0 A m e r ic a n P a c ific ( C o m p a ñ í a M in era). 1 1 ,0 0 0 .0 0 M in e r a le s d e C o p a n (C o m p . M in era). 1 8 5 0 .0 0 3 ,0 5 0 .0 0 S o urce: TEXACO CARIBBEAN INC, HONDURAS. 5 .2 P o te n tia l f o r re -re fin in g o f u s e d o ils in to b a s e o ils to b e b le n d e d w ith a d d itiv e s a n d m a k e n ew lu b ric a n ts fo r v a rio u s u s e s U s e d oil m o t o r oil c a n b e c o l l e c t e d a n d t u r n e d o v e r t o r e - r e f i n e r s w h o r e t u r n u s e d oil t o its o r i g i n a l v ir g in oil s t a t e v i a r e - r e f i n i n g p r o c e s s e s , w h i c h c l e a n o ils f r o m t h e i r i m p u r i t i e s a n d c o n t a m i n a n t s -- s u c h a s dirt, w a t e r , f u e l, w e a r m e t a l s , a n d a d d i t i v e s -- t h r o u g h v a c u u m d is tilla tio n , s o l v e n t e x t r a c t i o n , h y d r o t r e a t i n g , a n d h y d r o f i n i s h i n g t o r e m o v e a n y r e m a i n i n g c h e m i c a l s . F in ally , t h e r e - r e f i n e d b a s e oil is b l e n d e d w i t h n e w a d d i t i v e s (w ith v a r i o u s f u n c t i o n s a n d p r o p e r t i e s ) t o m a k e t h e f i n i s h e d a n d n e w l u b r i c a t i n g oil. U s e d oil c a n b e r e - r e f i n e d a s m a n y t i m e s a s n e e d e d . T h e final b l e n d e d p r o d u c t is s u b j e c t t o t h e s a m e s t r i n g e n t r e f in in g , c o m p o u n d i n g , a n d p e r f o r m a n c e s t a n d a r d s a s v ir g in oil. R e - r e f i n e d b a s e o ils a r e n o c o m m o n l y u s e d t o m a k e f i n i s h e d m o t o r o ils, w h i c h p a s s t h e h i g h e s t A P I ( N o r t h A m e r i c a ) , A C E A ( E u r o p e ) , o r J A S O ( J a p a n ) m o t o r oil p e r f o r m a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s . It s h o u l d b e r e c a l l e d t h a t o n l y o n e g a l l o n o f r e - r e f i n e d u s e d oil is n e e d e d t o p r o d u c e 2 . 5 q u a r t s o f m o t o r oil, w h i l e 4 2 g a l l o n s o f c r u d e oil is n e e d e d t o p r o d u c e t h e s a m e a m o u n t . T h i s p o i n t d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e im p o r ta n c e a n d r e l e v a n c e of re-re fin in g fro m e n e r g y c o n s e r v a tio n , p ro te c tio n , a n d s a v i n g p o i n t o f v i e w . O f c o u r s e , t h e r e is a n e e d f o r s o m e s i g n i f i c a n t initial i n v e s t m e n t s t o d e s i g n , b u ild , a n d r u n a r e - r e f i n e r y w ith a s a f e , s o u n d , a n d c o m p r e h e n s i v e u s e d oil c o l l e c t i o n p r o g ra m to p ro v id e th e n e c e s s a r y f e e d s to c k n e e d e d . 12 F i g u r e 1: T y p i c a l C l o s e d L o o p f o r R e - r e f i n i n g B a s e O ils 6. 6 .1 L u b rica n t D em a n d P ro d u c t T y p e s L u b rica n t d e m a n d by p ro d u c t ty p e In L a tin A m e r i c a , m o s t l u b r i c a n t m a r k e t s s h o w e d t h a t g a s o l i n e m o t o r o ils ( G M O ) a m o u n t to a b o u t 2 5 % , d i e s e l o ils ( b o t h c a r s a n d h e a v y d u t y c o m m e r c i a l ) a m o u n t t o c a . 3 5 % , a n d i n d u s t r i a l / o t h e r l u b r i c a n t s m a k e t h e b a l a n c e (i.e. 4 0 % ) . T h e s e a r e b e n c h m a r k s n u m b e r s , w h i c h m a y c h a n g e d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e s p e c i f i c c a r p a r k a n d c o m m e r c i a l f l e e t s in t h e c o u n t r y o f in terest. T h e r e p o r t e d d a t a in T a b l e 3 b e l o w f o r G u a t e m a l a s h o w s t h a t 6 5 % o f l u b r i c a n t s a r e o f t h e a u t o m o t i v e t y p e , t h a t is, e n g i n e o ils f o r p a s s e n g e r c a r m o t o r o ils a n d d i e s e l o ils. T r a n s m i s s i o n oils, m a r i n e o ils, i n d u s t r i a l o ils, a n d g r e a s e s m a k e u p t h e b a l a n c e , n a m e l y , 3 5 % . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , r e p o r t e d d a t a f o r a u t o m o t i v e l u b r i c a n t s in H o n d u r a s s h o w s 4 8 % p a s s e n g e r c a r m o t o r o ils ( P C M O ) , a n d 5 2 % f o r c o m m e r c i a l ( t r u c k s , b u s e s ) , m a r i n e o ils, a n d i n d u s t r i a l oils. T h e a u t h o r b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e P C M O p r o p o r t i o n is o n t h e h i g h s i d e ( o v e r e s t i m a t e d n u m b e r ) . T a b l e 3 : 2 0 0 0 R e l a t i v e l u b r i c a n t c o n s u m p t i o n ( % ) b y p r o d u c t t y p e in G u a t e m a l a T y p e of lu b ric an t A u to m o tiv e % in G u a t e m a l a 65 T ra n sm issio n 7 M arin e 14 In d u strial 7 G rease Source: Texaco Inc. 7 13 T a b l e 4 : R e l a t i v e l u b r i c a n t c o n s u m p t i o n ( % ) b y p r o d u c t t y p e in H o n d u r a s ( Y e a r 2 0 0 0 ) T y p e of lu b ric an t % in H o n d u r a s P a s s e n g e r C a r M o t o r O ils 48 C o m m e rc ia l L u b rica n ts 13 M a r i n e O ils 2 Industrial L u b ric a n ts 35 S o urce: Mobil Corp. 6 .2 L u b ric a n t v o lu m e s o ld b y im p o rtin g c o m p a n ie s T h e m a i n i m p o r t e r s o f l u b r i c a n t s in to El S a l v a d o r t o g e t h e r w ith p r o d u c t b r a n d n a m e s , s o u r c e o f i m p o r t, l u b r i c a n t q u a l i t y l e v e l s , a n d v o l u m e o f l u b r i c a n t i m p o r t e d a r e d e s c r i b e d in ( R e f e r e n c e 6). T h e n a m e of t h e im p o rtin g lu b ric a n t c o m p a n y , t h e lu b ric a n t v o lu m e so ld , a n d th e m a jo r ty p e of l u b r i c a n t i m p o r t e d in H o n d u r a s a r e d e s c r i b e d in T a b l e 5 b e l o w . O n l y t h o s e c o m p a n i e s t h a t i m p o r t e d m o r e t h a n 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 K g a r e lis te d . T a b l e 5 : H o n d u r a s - I m p o r t e d L u b r i c a n t s M a j o r I m p o r t e r s in 2 0 0 0 ( R a n k e d in d e c r e a s i n g v o l u m e ) Im p o rter1 L u b ric a n ts Im p o rts, K ilo g ram s. T ype of L u b rica n t T E X A C O C A R I B E A N IN C 6 ,9 8 0 ,5 1 4 A u to m o triz , Indu strial. D IS T R IB U ID O R A D E P R O D C T .P E T R O L 2 ,2 3 3 ,3 9 2 A u to m o triz , Indu strial. S H E L L H O N D U R A S S .A 1 ,9 9 5 ,3 8 9 A u to m o triz , Indu strial. E S S O S T A N D A R D O IL S .A . 1 ,8 5 6 ,2 5 4 A u to m o triz , Indu strial. L U B R IC A T E S M O B IL D E C E N T R O A M E R IC A 1 ,4 4 6 ,8 2 0 A u to m o triz , Indu strial. T E C N IC A Y M O T O R E S S A D E C V 9 0 7 ,1 1 6 A u to m o triz . LLANTEX 7 8 5 ,3 1 8 A u to m o triz . C O N F E C C I O N E S A L K A S .A . 5 5 5 ,3 5 6 I n d u s t r i a textil. T O Y O P A R T E S ,S .A . 5 0 3 ,1 8 3 A u to m o triz . C A SA C O M E R C IA L M A T H E W S S A 5 0 2 ,0 6 4 E q u ip o p e s a d o , O th er ag ríc o la. 4 ,6 8 4 ,5 8 0 TOTAL 2000 2 2 ,4 4 9 ,9 8 6 C o s t a R i c a r e p o r t e d t h e d a t a f o r i m p o r t e d l u b r i c a n t s in t h e y e a r s 1 9 9 9 , 2 0 0 0 , a n d J a n A pril 2 0 0 1 ( R e f e r e n c e 7). F o r t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 , t o ta l i m p o r t e d l u b r i c a n t v o l u m e is e s t i m a t e d 14 a t 6 . 2 MM U S G a l l o n s ( 2 3 . 5 MM L ite rs ). A list o f t h e l u b r i c a n t i m p o r t e r s a n d d istrib u to rs w a s a l s o p ro v id e d ( R e f e r e n c e 8 ) . 7. 7 .1 lo c a l L u b ric a n t Q u a lity . P e r f o r m a n c e S p e c if ic a tio n s , a n d C e rtific a tio n L u b ric a n t q u a lity a n d p e r f o rm a n c e T h e r e a r e t w o m o s t w i d e l y u s e d e n g i n e oil q u a l i t y l e v e l s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s : a ) A m e r i c a n P e t r o l e u m I n s t i t u t e (A P I), w h i c h is a p p l i c a b l e f o r N o r t h A m e r i c a n a n d b) A C E A ( A s s o c i a t i o n d e s C o n s t r u c t e u r s E u r o p e e n s d e s A u t o m o b i l e s ) , w h i c h is a p p l i c a b l e for E u r o p e a n a p p lic a tio n s H o w e v e r , m o s t oil m a r k e t e r s d o u tiliz e b o t h t y p e s t o b e t t e r p r o m o t e t h e i r p r o d u c t s a s m e e t i n g s all q u a l i t y a n d p e r f o r m a n c e s t a n d a r d s . T h i s is e s p e c i a l l y t h e c a s e in E u r o p e , w h e r e l u b r i c a n t s c o m p a n i e s u tiliz e A P I a n d A C E A a s w e ll a s c a r m a n u f a c t u r e r s ’ a p p r o v a l s . In N o r t h A m e r i c a a n d J a p a n , A P I is b y f a r t h e m o s t p r e v a l e n t . In C A M , t h e m o s t p r e v a l e n t q u a l i t y s p e c i f i c a t i o n s u s e d a r e t h o s e o f A P I . H o w e v e r , m o s t l u b r i c a n t s a r e o f l o w e r q u a l i t y t h a n t h e l a t e s t A P I l i c e n s e d q u a l i t y le v e l. O n l y a b o u t 3 0 % o f p a s s e n g e r c a r m o t o r o ils a r e o f t h e h i g h e s t q u a l i t y l e v e l s , c u r r e n t l y A P I S j ( s o o n t o b e s u p e r s e d e d by A PI SL). F o r lo w e r q u ality le v e ls t h a n API S J , t h e in d ic a te d q u ality o n th e p a c k a g i n g l a b e l is b a s e d o n t h e oil m a r k e t e r ’s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n a n d “r e a d - a c r o s s ” a s s e s s m e n t b a s e d o n h i s t o r i c a l d a t a . L i k e w i s e f o r d i e s e l e n g i n e oils, l e s s t h a n 2 5 % o f d i e s e l e n g i n e o ils a r e o f A P I C H - 4 q u a l i t y le v e l, h i g h e s t f o r A P I s t a n d a r d s . T h o s e p r o d u c t s l o w e r t h a n A P I C H - 4 q u a l i t y l e v e l s a r e a l s o b a s e d o n t h e oil m a r k e t e r ’s h i s t o r i c a l d a t a . 7 .2 A PI S e r v ic e S y m b o l a n d C e rtif ic a tio n M ark T h e r e a r e t w o t y p e s o f m a r k s ( R e f e r e n c e 9): a) T h e API s e rv ic e sy m b o l, a ls o k n o w n a s D o n u t T h e t o p h a l f d e s c r i b e s t h e o ils p e r f o r m a n c e l e v e l. T h e c e n t e r i d e n t i f i e s t h e o ils v i s c o s i t y . T h e b o t t o m h a l f t e l l s w h e t h e r t h e oil h a s d e m o n s t r a t e d e n e r g y - c o n s e r v i n g p r o p e r t i e s in a s t a n d a r d t e s t in c o m p a r i s o n t o r e f e r e n c e oil. 15 b) T h e A P I C e r t i f i c a t i o n M a r k , a l s o k n o w n a s t h e “s t a r b u r s t ” T h e A P I C e r t i f i c a t i o n M a r k s t a r b u r s t is d e s i g n e d a n d r e c o m m e n d e d f o r a s p e c i f i c e n g i n e oil a p p l i c a t i o n ( s u c h a s g a s o l i n e s e r v i c e ) . Oil m a y b e l i c e n s e d t o d i s p l a y t h e s t a r b u r s t o n l y if t h e oil s a tis fie s th e m o s t c u r r e n t r e q u ir e m e n ts of th e In te rn atio n al L u b rica n t S ta n d a rd iz a tio n a n d A p p ro v a l C o m m i t t e e (IL S A C ) m in im u m p e r f o r m a n c e s t a n d a r d fo r th is a p p l ic a tio n (c u rre n tly G F 2 for p a s s e n g e r c a rs). 7 .3 API S e rv ic e C a te g o rie s T h e c u r r e n t a n d p r e v i o u s A P I S e r v i c e C a t e g o r i e s a r e s h o w n b e l o w in T a b l e 6 a n d 7 ( R e f e r e n c e 1 0 ). V e h i c l e o w n e r s s h o u l d c o n s u l t t h e i r o w n e r ’s m a n u a l s b e f o r e r e f e r r i n g t o t h e s e c h a r t s . E n g i n e o ils a r e c a t e g o r i z e d b a s e d o n t h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d t h e t y p e o f s e r v i c e f o r w h i c h t h e y a r e i n t e n d e d : S c a t e g o r y o ils a r e s u i t a b l e f o r g a s o l i n e e n g i n e s a n d C c a t e g o r y o ils a r e s u i t a b l e f o r d i e s e l e n g i n e s . O ils m a y h a v e m o r e t h a n o n e p e r f o r m a n c e le v e l. T a b l e 6; API S e r v ic e C a te g o r ie s for G a s o lin e E n g in e s C a te g o ry S tatu s S erv ice SJ C urrent For all automotive engines presently in use. Introduced in the API Service Symbol in 1996. SH Obsolete For model year 1996 and older engines. Valid when preceded by certain C categories. SG Obsolete For model year 1993 and older engines. SF Obsolete For 1988 and older engines. SE Obsolete For 1979 and older engines. SD Obsolete For 1971 and older engines. SC Obsolete For 1967 and older engines. SB Obsolete For older engines. Use only when specifically recommended by the manufacturer. SA Obsolete For older engines; no performance requirement. Use only when specifically recommended by the manufacturer. 16 T a b l e 7; A P I S e r v i c e C a t e g o r i e s f o r D i e s e l E n g i n e s C a te g o ry S tatu s S erv ice C urrent Introduced December 1, 1998. For high-speed, four-stroke engines designed to meet 1998 exhaust emission standards. CH-4 oils are specifically compounded for use with diesel fuels ranging in sulfur content up to 0.5% weight. Can be used in place of CD, CE, CF-4, and CG-4 oils. C G -4 C urrent Introduced in 1995. For severe duty, high-speed, four-stroke engines using fuel with less than 0.5% weight sulfur. CG-4 oils are required for engines meeting 1994 emission standards. Can be used in place of CD, CE, and CF-4 oils. C F-4 C urrent Introduced in 1990. For high-speed, four-stroke, naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines. Can be used in place of CE oils. C F -2 C urrent Introduced in 1994. For severe duty, two-strokecycle engines. Can be used in place of CD-II oils. CF C urrent Introduced in 1994. For off-road, indirect-injected and other diesel engines including those using fuel with over 0.5% weight sulfur. Can be used in place of CD oils. CE Obsolete Introduced in 1987. For high-speed, four-stroke, naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines. Can be used in place of CC and CD oils. CD-II Obsolete Introduced in 1987. For two-stroke-cycle engines. CD Obsolete Introduced in 1955. For certain naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines. CC Obsolete For engines introduced in 1961. CB Obsolete For moderate duty engines from 1949 to 1960. CA Obsolete For light duty engines (1940s and 1950s). C H -4 F o r a u t o m o t i v e g a s o l i n e e n g i n e s , t h e l a t e s t e n g i n e oil s e r v i c e c a t e g o r y i n c l u d e s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e p r o p e r t i e s o f e a c h e a r l i e r c a t e g o r y . If a n a u t o m o t i v e o w n e r s m a n u a l c a l l s f o r a n A P I S G o r S H oil, A P I S J oil will p r o v i d e full p r o t e c t i o n . F o r d i e s e l e n g i n e s , t h e l a t e s t p e r f o rm a n c e c a te g o ry u su a lly - b u t n o t a lw a y s - in c lu d e s th e p e r f o rm a n c e p ro p e rtie s of a n ea rlier p e rfo rm a n c e ca te g o ry . El S a l v a d o r r e p o r t e d t h e c u r r e n t l u b r i c a n t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a n d d e f i n i t i o n o f q u a l i t y l e v e l s u s e d ( R e f e r e n c e 1 1 ). T h is d o c u m e n t, a d a p t e d from t h e M e x ic a n s p e c ific a tio n s (w hich w e r e a d a p t e d f r o m t h e U S A P I / S A E / A S T M S p e c i f i c a t i o n s a n d S t a n d a r d s ) , is a v e r y a d e q u a t e d o c u m e n t t h a t 17 c a n b e u s e d b y o t h e r c o u n t r i e s a s w e ll. H o w e v e r , it n e e d s t o b e u p d a t e d w ith t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s (A PI S L f o r g a s o l i n e m o t o r o ils a n d A P I C H - 4 f o r d i e s e l e n g i n e oils). 7 .4 la test E x i s t e n c e a n d u s e o f ISO 9 0 0 0 S e r i e s c e r tif ic a tio n a n d c o n tr o l o f im p o r te d lu b ric a n ts B a s e d o n t h e d a t a r e p o r t e d , it d o e s n o t a p p e a r t h a t I S O c e r t i f i c a t i o n o f i m p o r t e d p r o d u c t s is p a r t of a r ig o ro u s p r o c e s s th a t e n s u r e s t h e m a n u f a c tu r in g q u ality of t h e lu b ric a n ts . H o w e v e r , th is p r a c t i c e o f r e q u i r i n g I S O 9 0 0 2 c e r t i f i c a t i o n is n o w a s t a n d a r d o n e in m o s t c o u n t r i e s . S i n c e all p r o d u c t s im p o r te d fro m t h e U S A a r e c o m in g fo rm IS O 9 0 0 2 ce rtified p la n ts , re q u irin g t h e IS O 9 0 0 2 d o c u m e n t a t i o n f o r i m p o r t s s h o u l d b e a f o rm a lit y . 7 .5 P a s s e n g e r c a r m o t o r o ils (P C M O ) b y p e r f o r m a n c e lev el N o l u b r i c a n t d a t a w a s r e p o r t e d f r o m t h e lo c a l a g e n c i e s r e g a r d i n g t h e s e g m e n t a t i o n b y q u a l i t y l e v e l s in t h e m a r k e t . H o w e v e r , r e p o r t e d d a t a in t h e p a s t ( R e f e r e n c e 1 2 ) s h o w s t h e f o llo w in g a p p r o x i m a t e p e r c e n t a g e s by q u a lity levels: a ) P a s s e n g e r c a r m o t o r o i l s ( F i g u r e 2 ): P e r c e n ta g e s b ) D i e s e l e n g i n e o i l s ( F i g u r e 3 ): P e r c e n ta g e s A : ftp A\ A A A T A A A A a m CH4ÆG-4 ■ ùPi CF4Æ E A □ API CD □ AP! CC Iowbt A A 1 A In t h e U S A , m o r e t h a n 9 0 % o f p a s s e n g e r c a r m o t o r o ils ( P C M O ) a r e o f A P I S J q u a l i t y a n d m o r e t h a n 8 0 % o f d i e s e l o ils ( D E O ) a r e o f A P I C H - 4 / C G - 4 q u a l i t y l e v e l s . It s h o u l d b e n o t e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t l u b r i c a n t q u a l i t y in t h e U S A g e n e r a l l y f o l l o w s t h e l a t e s t q u a l i t y l e v e l s f o r b o t h t h e P C M O ’s 18 a n d D E O ’s. T h i s is b e c a u s e o f c o m p e t i t i v e f o r c e s a s w e ll a s t h e l a c k o f v a l id A P I l i c e n s i n g f o r lo w e r q u ality lev els. 8 . 8 .1 Oil O il D r a i n I n t e r v a l s . F u e l P r o p e r t i e s . C a r P a r k O il D r a i n I n t e r v a l s f o r p a s s e n g e r c a r s d rain in te rv als have been in creasin g in lig h t o f sig n ifican t im p ro v e m en t in lu b ric an t t e c h n o l o g y - b o t h in t h e a d d i t i v e c o m p o n e n t s u s e d a n d t h e b a s e oil c a r r i e r . In t h e U S A , t h e c o m m o n l y O E M r e c o m m e n d e d d r a i n i n t e r v a l s a r e 3 , 0 0 0 m i l e s f o r m ild d r iv in g s e r v i c e ( h i g h w a y r e g i m e ) a n d 5 , 0 0 0 m i l e s in s e v e r e d r iv in g c o n d i t i o n s ( C ity S t o p G o ” r e g i m e ) . T h e s e d r a i n i n t e r v a l s a r e b a s e d o n t h e h i g h e s t A P I q u a l i t y le v e l, n a m e l y A P I S J f o r p a s s e n g e r c a r s . In E u r o p e a n d J a p a n , t h e oil d r a i n i n t e r v a l s a r e l o n g e r f o r m o s t O E M ’s . D r a i n i n t e r v a l s o f u p to 1 0 , 0 0 0 m i l e s a r e a l r e a d y u s e d in c e r t a i n E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s s u c h a s G e r m a n y . F o r t h e c u r r e n t r e p o r t , lo c a l O E M r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w e r e n o t a v a i l a b l e . H o w e v e r , lo c a l l u b r i c a n t m a r k e t e r s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r oil d r a i n i n t e r v a l s w e r e r e p o r t e d . T h e s e a r e d e p i c t e d in T a b l e 8 b elow . T a b l e 8 : 2 0 0 0 R e c o m m e n d e d D r a i n I n t e r v a l s b y L u b r i c a n t M a r k e t e r s in H o n d u r a s B r a n d o f M o t o r O il R e c . In terv al ( m o n th s ) 1 A b o n ier 3 2 A c e i t e d e barril* 1 3 C a stro l 3 4 C hevron 3 5 D elo 3 6 D ip p sa 3 7 E sso 3 8 H av o lin e 3 9 M o bil 5 10 P ennzoil 3 12 Q u ak e r S tate 4 13 R im u la X 3 14 S h ell 3 15 Sunnoco 3 16 Texaco 5 17 V enoco 3 F r o m t h e a b o v e T a b l e , it is s e e n t h a t m o s t oil m a r k e t e r s r e c o m m e n d t h r e e (3) m o n t h s f o r oil d r a i n s . T h i s is c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e 3 , 0 0 0 M il e s O E M r e c o m m e n d e d d r a i n i n t e r v a l s f o r s e v e r e s e r v i c e in t h e U S A . It is g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d p r a c t i c e in t h e U S A t h a t t h e a v e r a g e m o t o r i s t d r i v e s c a . 1 2 m i l e s / y e a r . It s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e t h r e e m o n t h s r u l e is n o t e n d o r s e d b y a c o u p l e o f 19 oil m a r k e t e r s in t h e T a b l e a b o v e , t w o o f w h i c h r e c o m m e n d 5 m o n t h s a n d o n e r e c o m m e n d s 1 m o n t h (?). 8 .2 F u e ls p ro p e rtie s a n d c h a ra c te ris tic s F r o m a l u b r i c a n t p o i n t o f v ie w , f u e l q u a l i t y is i m p o r t a n t a t it i m p a c t s e n g i n e o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , w h i c h in t u r n a f f e c t t h e a m o u n t o f u n b u r n e d f u e l a n d c o m b u s t i o n g a s e s g o i n g t o t h e c r a n k c a s e . T h e l o w e r t h e f u e l q u a l ity , t h e m o r e c h a l l e n g i n g t h e c r a n k c a s e oil’s j o b b e c o m e s t o l u b r i c a t e t h e en g in e. 8 .2 .1 G a s o lin e fuel q u a lity In T a b l e 9 b e l o w , t h e f u e l q u a l i t y d a t a f o r H o n d u r a s a r e r e p o r t e d . T h e r e a r e t w o w i d e l y u s e d g r a d e s o f g a s o l i n e , M O G A S 8 7 ( 8 7 O c t a n e ) a n d M O G A S 9 5 ( O c t a n e 9 5 ) . It is s e e n t h a t M O G A S 8 7 h a s l o w q u a l i t y ( fig h tin g g r a d e ) w h e r e a s M O G A S 9 5 h a s a g o o d q u a l i t y a n d c o n s id e r e d a p rem iu m g a so lin e . T a b l e 9. G a s o l i n e f u e l q u a l i t y in H o n d u r a s G A S O L IN E CURRENT 87 O CTA N E STANDARDS TEXACO FUEL IN HONDURAS (M O G A S 87) ASTM M eth o d S p e c i f i c G r a v i t y @ 6 0 °F A P I G r a v i t y @ 6 0 °F D e n s i t y @ 1 5 °C , K g /L R e s e a r c h M e th o d , R O N M o to r M e th o d , M O N 95 O c ta n e ASTM M eth o d D e n s i t y @ 1 5 °C , K g /L R e s e a r c h M e th o d , R O N M o to r M e th o d , M O N S H E L L FUEL V alue 87 mín - 0.7354 60.9 0.7352 89.75 80.68 - TY P IC A L Report - D-1298 D-1298 D-1298 D-2699 D-2700 - 89 - 87 mín - T Y PIC A L S H E L L FUEL FUTURE STANDARDS IN H O N D U R A S V alue - 0.7586 55.05 0.7583 95.67 83.5 - - V alue Report - V alue 92 mín STANDARDS Report - V alue Report - FUTURE IN H O N D U R A S V alue - STANDARDS TEXACO FUEL IN HONDURAS (M O G A S 95) A P I G r a v i t y @ 6 0 °F V alue T Y PIC A L CURRENT D-1298 D-1298 D-1298 D-2699 D-2700 G A S O L IN E S p e c i f i c G r a v i t y @ 6 0 °F TY P IC A L V alue - Report - Report - 95.4 95 mín. - - L i k e w i s e , t h e s a m e t y p e o f g a s o l i n e q u a l i t y l e v e l s c a n b e f o u n d in El S a l v a d o r , n a m e l y a p r e m i u m p r o d u c t a t 9 5 O c t a n e r a t i n g a n d a l o w e r q u a l i t y p r o d u c t a t 8 7 O c t a n e r a ti n g . T h e m o v e t o n o n - l e a d e d g a s o l i n e is a l s o v e r y e n c o u r a g i n g f r o m a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o i n t o f v ie w . 20 8 .2 .2 D ie s e l fu el q u a lity D i e s e l f u e l d a t a w a s r e p o r t e d f r o m H o n d u r a s . T h i s is s h o w n in T a b l e 1 0 . T h e C e t a n e n u m b e r is f a ir in q u a l i t y w h e n c o m p a r e d t o d i e s e l f u e l s f o u n d in t h e U S A a n d W e s t e r n E u r o p e . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e f u e l s u l f u r ( c a . 0 . 5 % b y m a s s ) is v e r y h i g h w h e n c o m p a r e d t o f u e l s u l f u r s c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e in N o r t h A m e r i c a , t h a t is, l e s s t h a n 0 . 1 % b y m a s s . N o t e t h a t t h e n e w U S l e g i s l a t i o n f o r f u e l s u l f u r f o r d i e s e l t r u c k s a n d b u s e s is 0 . 0 2 5 % b y m a s s ( m a x i m u m ) . It s h o u l d b e r e c a l l e d t h a t h i g h e r f u e l s u l f u r l e v e l s t r a n s l a t e in to h i g h e r a c i d i c c o m b u s t i o n g a s e s g o i n g in to t h e c r a n k c a s e v i a b l o w - b y ” ( b e t w e e n t h e p i s t o n r in g p a c k a n d t h e c y l i n d e r lin e r) a s w e ll a s g o i n g in to t h e a t m o s p h e r e , t h u s c r e a t i n g a h i g h e r le v e l o f p o llu t io n . T a b l e 1 0 : D i e s e l f u e l q u a l i t y in H o n d u r a s D IE S E L CURRENT T Y P IC A L STANDARDS TEXACO FUEL T Y P IC A L FUTURE SH ELL FUEL STANDARDS IN H O N D U R A S IN H O N D U R A S ASTM M e th o d C e ta n e Index C e ta n e N um ber S ulfur, % m a s s 8 .3 V alue V alue V alue V alue D-976 D-673 D-2622 / D-1266 45.0 mín. 45.0 mín. 0.5 max. 48.85 - 46.3 - 45.0 mín. - 0.459 0.46 0.5 max. C ar P ark T h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f v e h i c l e s r e g i s t e r e d in E l - S a l v a d o r f r o m 1 9 6 6 t o 1 9 9 6 is 3 6 7 , 2 9 7 , w h i c h c o m p r i s e s 2 6 1 , 9 7 8 g a s o l i n e p o w e r e d - c a r s , 9 5 ,2 1 9 d ie s e l p o w e r e d v e h ic le s , a n d 1 0 ,1 0 0 for v e h i c l e s p o w e r e d b y o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e f u e l s . It s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d t h a t t h e s e n u m b e r s a r e h i g h e r t h a n t h e n u m b e r o f v e h i c l e s o n t h e r o a d in 1 9 9 6 b e c a u s e o f c a r s s c r a p p a g e , e t c . T h e t o ta l n u m b e r o f v e h i c l e s r e g i s t e r e d in H o n d u r a s f r o m 1 9 4 0 t h r o u g h 2 0 0 0 is 4 5 2 , 0 0 0 , w h i c h c o m p r i s e s 4 1 8 , 0 0 0 a u t o m o b i l e s a n d t h e b a l a n c e tr u c k s a n d b u s e s . (L ik ew ise , t h e s e a r e h ig h e r th a n a c tu a l v e h ic le s o n th e ro a d b e c a u s e of c a r s c r a p p a g e , etc.). A b o u t 8 5 % of t h e s e a r e J a p a n e s e v e h ic le m a k e s / m o d e l s , 1 0 % a r e U S v e h ic le b r a n d s , a n d t h e b a l a n c e m a d e of E u ro p e a n v e h ic le s a n d o th e r A sia n m a k e s . 21 9. 9 .1 U s e d O il R e c y c l i n g P r o g r a m s in O t h e r C o u n t r i e s U SA L e g isla tio n L a w s a n d R e c y c lin g P ro g r a m s All o f t h e r e g u l a t i o n s f o r m a n a g i n g , c o l l e c t i n g , a n d r e c y c l i n g u s e d oil a r e d e v e l o p e d , p r o m u lg a te d , a n d p r o m o te d by t h e E n v ir o n m e n ta l P ro te c tio n A g e n c y (E P A ).T h is in clu d es th e f o llo w in g d o c u m e n t a t i o n a n d r e l a t e d p u b l i c a t i o n s ( R e f e r e n c e s 1 3 t o 17): • E n v i r o n m e n t a l R e g u l a t i o n s a n d T e c h n o l o g y R e p o r t - M a n a g in g U s e d O il • M a n a g i n g U s e d Oil: A d v i c e f o r S m a l l B u s i n e s s e s • U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t P r o g r a m • H o w t o S e t U p A L o c a l P r o g r a m t o R e c y c l e U s e d Oil In 1 9 9 2 , t h e E P A a n n o u n c e d its d e c i s i o n n o t t o list u s e d o ils d e s t i n e d f o r r e c y c l i n g a s a h a z a r d o u s w a s t e . In a d d i t i o n , A m e r i c a n P e t r o l e u m I n s t i t u t e (A P I) h a s d e v e l o p e d p r o g r a m s t o e n c o u r a g e , s u p p o r t , a n d i m p l e m e n t b u s i n e s s p r o c e d u r e s f o r u s e d oil r e c y c l i n g . T h e m o s t w i d e l y u s e d d o c u m e n t a t i o n is U s e d M o t o r O il- C o lle c tio n R e c y c l i n g c o n t a i n e d in A P I W e b s i t e ( R e f e r e n c e 4 ) , w h i c h c a n b e s u m m a r i z e d a s fo llo w s : • B e n e f i t s o f r e c y c l i n g - F in d o u t w h y it is i m p o r t a n t t o r e c y c l e • C o l l e c t i o n C e n t e r S i t e s - F in d s t a t e info a c o l l e c t i o n s i t e n e a r e s t y o u • P r e p a r i n g U s e d Oil f o r R e c y c l i n g - P r e p a r e a n d p r o p e r l y d i s p o s e y o u r u s e d • S t a r t i n g a C o l l e c t i o n P r o g r a m - A P I M o d e l Bill, L e g i s l a t i v e Info, P u b l i c a t i o n s • m o t o r oil U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m - W h a t h a p p e n s to u s e d m o t o r o il? A ty p i c a l U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m is s h o w n in F i g u r e 4 b e l o w ( R e f e r e n c e 4 ) . V a r i o u s b u s i n e s s e s a n d p r o c e s s e s a r e i n v o l v e d in a s o u n d U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t P r o g r a m ( U O M P ) . In 1 9 9 7 , A P I m e m b e r s a n d t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n t d e a l e r s o p e r a t e d n e a r l y 1 2 , 2 0 0 d r o p - o f f c e n t e r s , c o l l e c t i n g o v e r 1 0 0 m illion g a l l o n s o f u s e d m o t o r oil. In a d d i t i o n , t h e r e a r e a b o u t 2 6 , 0 2 1 p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e c o l l e c t i o n c e n t e r s b e i n g o p e r a t e d b y s t a t e s , m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , a u t o m o t i v e a n d oilc h a n g e se rv ic e ce n te rs. A c c o r d i n g t o a r e c e n t A P I s t u d y , m o r e t h a n 5 0 % o f m o t o r i s t s c h a n g e t h e i r o w n oil. In 1 9 9 7 , 4 3 t o 6 2 m illion g a l l o n s o f u s e d oil w a s c o l l e c t e d a n d r e c y c l e d b y d o - i t - y o u r s e l f e r s . In t h e s a m e y e a r , t h e lo c a l s e r v i c e s t a t i o n a n d a u t o m o t i v e s e r v i c e f a c iliti e s r e c y c l e d 1 9 4 m illion g a l l o n s o f oil. 22 F i g u r e 4 : U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m T h e f o llo w in g 1 7 s t a t e s h a v e a d o p t e d p r o g r a m s b a s e d o n A P I s m o d e l l e g i s l a t i o n : C alifo rn ia M ain e S o u th C aro lin a D ela w are M ary lan d T ennessee F lo rid a M in n e so ta Texas K ansas M issouri U tah K en tu ck y N ew H a m p sh ire V ir g in ia L o u isia n a R h o d e Islan d A b o u t 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e u s e d oil c o l l e c t e d in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s is b l e n d e d w ith v ir g in s t o c k t o b e u s e d a s i n d u s t r i a l h e a t i n g oil. T h e r e s t is r e - r e f i n e d o r b u r n e d f o r e n e r g y r e c o v e r y . T h e U S A ’s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 5 , 0 0 0 s p a c e h e a t e r s u s e a b o u t 1 1 3 m illion g a l l o n s o f u s e d oil p e r y e a r . H o w e v e r , r e p r o c e s s i n g is t h e m o s t c o m m o n m e t h o d o f r e c y c l i n g u s e d oil in t h e U .S . E a c h y e a r p r o c e s s o r s t r e a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 5 0 m illion g a l l o n s o f u s e d oil. S e v e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n t o f u s e d oil is b e i n g r e p r o c e s s e d a n d m a r k e t e d to: • 4 3 % a s p h a l t p la n ts; • 1 4 % in d u stria l b o ile rs (facto ries); • 1 2 % utility b o i l e r s ( e l e c t r i c p o w e r p l a n t s f o r s c h o o l s , h o m e s , e t c . ) ; • 1 2 % s t e e l mills; 23 • 5 % c e m e n t / l i m e kilns; • 5 % m a r i n e b o i l e r s ( t a n k e r s o r b u n k e r fuel); • 4 % p u l p a n d p a p e r mills; • 1 % c o m m e r c i a l b o ile rs ( g e n e r a t i n g h e a t fo r s c h o o l, o ffices, etc.); • 5 % o th er. In s p i t e o f t h e g r e a t e f f o r t s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , m il lio n s o f g a l l o n s o f u s e d m o t o r oil a r e still b e i n g d i s p o s e d o f in g a r b a g e c a n s , s e w e r s a n d b a c k y a r d s - p r a c t i c e s t h a t c a n c o n t a m i n a t e s o il a n d h a v e t h e p o te n tia l to c o n t a m i n a t e t h e d rin k in g w a te r . T h e U .S . E n v ir o n m e n t a l P ro te c t io n A g e n c y b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e l a r g e s t s i n g l e s o u r c e o f oil p o llu t i o n f o u n d in t h e U S A ’s w a t e r s c o m e f r o m d o - ity o u r s e l f e r s . Its i m p o r t a n t t h a t D y e r s t a k e t h e i r u s e d m o t o r oil t o a r e c y c l i n g c e n t e r a n d a s k t h a t t h e oil b e r e c y c l e d w h e n t h e y g e t t h e i r oil c h a n g e d . 9 .2 T h e C a lifo rn ia M odel C a l i f o r n i a h a s t h e m o s t p r e v a l e n t a n d s u c c e s s f u l p r o g r a m f o r p r o t e c t i n g t h e e n v i r o n m e n t in t h e U S A . U s e d Oil R e c y c l i n g is o n e o f t h o s e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n p r o g r a m s t h a t g e t t h e u n e n d i n g a tte n tio n a n d s u p p o r t from th e C a lifo rn ia I n te g r a te d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t B o a rd ( C I W M B ) , ( R e f e r e n c e 1 5 ). T h e C a l i f o r n i a Oil R e c y c l i n g E n h a n c e m e n t A c t p r o v i d e s g u i d a n c e f o r U s e d Oil R e c y c l i n g v i a a w e b s i t e w h e r e t h e u s e r / c o n s u m e r c a n s e l e c t t h e c ity o f i n t e r e s t , t h e t y p e o f u s e r , a n d t h e m a t e r i a l t o b e r e c y c l e d ( R e f e r e n c e 18). T h e C a l i f o r n i a Oil R e c y c l i n g E n h a n c e m e n t A c t is d e s i g n e d t o d i s c o u r a g e t h e illeg a l d i s p o s a l o f u s e d oil. T h i s l a w r e q u i r e s oil m a n u f a c t u r e r s t o p a y t o t h e B o a r d $ 0 . 1 6 f o r e a c h g a l l o n o f l u b r i c a t i n g oil s o l d in C a l i f o r n i a . R e g i s t e r e d i n d u s t r i a l g e n e r a t o r s , c u r b s i d e c o l l e c t i o n p r o g r a m s , a n d c e r t i f i e d c o l l e c t i o n c e n t e r s a r e e l i g i b l e t o r e c e i v e $ 0 . 1 6 f o r e a c h g a l l o n o f u s e d l u b r i c a t i n g oil recy cled . In C a l i f o r n i a n , l u b r i c a t i n g oil s a l e s a n d oil r e c y c l i n g h a v e r e m a i n e d fairly s t a b l e s i n c e t h e U s e d Oil r e c y c l i n g P r o g r a m b e g a n . H o w e v e r , i n d u s t r i a l oil s a l e s h a v e n e a r l y d o u b l e d . T h i s t r e n d f o l l o w s C a l i f o r n i a ’s e c o n o m i c r e c o v e r y ; h o w e v e r , C a l i f o r n i a e x p o r t s a l a r g e a m o u n t o f oil p ro d u cts. L u b r i c a t i n g oil s a l e s t o g e t h e r w ith r e c y c l e d o ils v o l u m e s a r e r e p o r t e d in F i g u r e 5 ( R e f e r e n c e 1 8 . T h i s d a t a s h o w s t h a t s i n c e 1 9 9 3 , a b o u t a t h ir d o f l u b r i c a t i n g a n d i n d u s t r i a l o ils s a l e s w e r e r e c y c l e d . H o w e v e r , c l o s e t o 5 0 % o f l u b r i c a t i n g o ils w e r e r e c y c l e d o v e r t h e l a s t 8 y e a r s . O f t h e 1 5 0 m illio n g a l l o n s o f l u b r i c a t i n g oil s o l d p e r y e a r , a b o u t 7 8 p e r c e n t w a s i n s t a l l e d in to a u t o m o b ile s a n d h e a v y - d u ty e q u i p m e n t (tru c k s, tra in s, etc .) b y s e r v ic e b u s i n e s s e s . F ro m n a t i o n a l d a t a , t h e C a l i f o r n i a d o - i t - y o u r s e l f p u b l i c p u r c h a s e d a n e s t i m a t e d 3 3 m illio n g a l l o n s o f l u b r i c a t i n g oil in 2 0 0 0 . B e c a u s e o f l o s s e s d u r i n g d r iv in g ( a b o u t 3 5 p e r c e n t f o r a u t o m o b i l e s a n d lig h t d u t y t r u c k s ) , t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r g e n e r a t e d a n e s t i m a t e d 2 2 m illion g a l l o n s o f u s e d oil in 2 0 0 0 . 24 F i g . 5 : A n n u a l Oil S a l e s a n d U s e d Oil R e c y c l i n g R a t e s (in MM o f g a l l o n s ) 1999 2000 142.1 150.3 149.2 141.6 152.4 176.3 155.6 277.1 279.6 294.5 326.6 304.8 54.6 56.8 60.9 64.5 69.2 70.1 16.7 19.5 20.8 19.3 20.9 19.2 18.4 76.6 74.1 77.6 80.2 85.4 88.4 88.5 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 139.4 141.2 140.8 136.2 137.5 86.4 78.0 117.3 140.9 Total Oil S ales 225.8 219.2 258.1 Lubricating Oil Recycled* 61.0 59.9 In d u s tria l Oil Recycled* 13.8 Total Oil Recycled 74.8 Lubricating Oil Sa le s In d u s tria l Oil Sales Figures include California u s e d oil recycled both in a n d out of California. F i g u r e 6 ; D o - i t - Y o u r s e l f U s e d Oil R e c y c l i n g R a t e Legend Certified Centers Uncertified Centers Curbside Form 303 In 1 9 9 2 , t h e a m o u n t o f u s e d oil c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e d o - i t - y o u r s e l f p u b l i c w a s a b o u t 3 m illio n g a l l o n s p e r y e a r ( c a . 1 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e u s e d oil g e n e r a t e d b y t h e p u b lic ) . In 2 0 0 0 a b o u t 8 m illion g a l l o n s w e r e c o l l e c t e d , c o m p r i s i n g o v e r 3 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e p u b lic ly g e n e r a t e d u s e d oil v o l u m e . F i g u r e 6 b e l o w d i s p l a y s t h e g r e a t i m p a c t t h e C I W M B p r o g r a m h a s h a d o n t h e u s e d oil c o l l e c t e d 25 f r o m t h e p u b l i c ( R e f e r e n c e 1 9 ) . It is s e e n t h a t c o l l e c t i o n / r e c y c l i n g g r o w t h t r e n d f o l l o w s c l o s e l y t h e g r o w t h in t h e t o ta l n u m b e r o f S t a t e - c e r t i f i e d c o l l e c t i o n c e n t e r s . T h e l a t e r g r o w t h is r e f l e c t i v e o f t h e i n c r e a s i n g p r o p o r t i o n o f a u t o p a r t s s t o r e s p a r t i c i p a t i n g a s c e r t i f i e d c e n t e r s , a s w e ll a s t h e i n c r e a s i n g u s e d oil v o l u m e s c o l l e c t e d b y t h e a u t o p a r t s s t o r e s e c t o r . 9 .3 C a n a d i a n U s e d O il C o l l e c t i o n R e c y c l i n g P r o g r a m s T h ree C an ad ian p ro v in ce s have d ev e lo p e d , set, and a p p lied U sed Oil M a n a g e m e n t a n d R e cy c lin g p r o g ra m s . T h e s e a r e A lb erta, S a s k a t c h e w a n a n d M an ito b a . C u r r e n t in d u stry r e c y c l i n g p r o g r a m s in t h e s e t h r e e p r o v i n c e s r e c o v e r a b o u t 7 0 % ( 8 7 m illion L ite r s ) o f t h e u s e d oil a v a ila b le. T h e A l b e r t a U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n ( A U O M A ) ; T h e S a s k a t c h e w a n A s s o c i a t i o n f o r R e s o u r c e R e c o v e r y C o rp . (S A R R C ); a n d , T h e M a n ito b a A s s o c ia tio n for R e s o u r c e R e c o v e ry C o r p . ( M A R R C ) a r e w o r k i n g d ili g e n tl y t o i n f o r m a n d m o t i v a t e d o - i t - y o u r s e l f e r s a c r o s s w e s t e r n C a n a d a t o r e c y c l e u s e d oil, u s e d oil f ilte rs a n d p l a s t i c oil c o n t a i n e r s . T h e W e s t e r n C a n a d i a n U s e d Oil r e c y c l i n g P r o g r a m w o r k s a s f o l l o w s ( R e f e r e n c e 2 0 ) : 1. C o l l e c t t h e u s e d oil f r o m y o u r v e h i c l e , l a w n m o w e r , f a r m e q u i p m e n t o r o t h e r m a c h i n e r y a n d p l a c e it in its o r i g i n a l c o n t a i n e r . 2. D o n o t c o n t a m i n a t e t h e oil w ith o t h e r liq u i d s . S o l v e n t s , p a i n t t h i n n e r , b l e a c h e s , a n t i f r e e z e , g a s o lin e , P C B s, h o u s e h o ld c h e m ic a ls, in se c tic id e s, h e rb ic id e s, p e s tic id e s, g r e a s e or w a t e r a r e n o t a c c e p t e d . E c o C e n t r e sta ff h a s in fo rm a tio n o n w h e r e to t a k e c o n t a m i n a t e d oil. 3. C o l l e c t y o u r u s e d oil filte rs a n d c o n t a i n e r s a n d p l a c e t h e f ilte rs in a c l e a n c o n t a i n e r . 4. R e t u r n y o u r u s e d oil m a t e r i a l s t o t h e n e a r e s t E c o C e n t r e o r C o l l e c t i o n d e p o t d u r i n g o p era tin g hours. 5. T ell o t h e r s a b o u t t h i s s e r v i c e . P u b l i c C o l l e c t i o n C e n t e r s - E c o - C e n t e r s : T h e s e c o l l e c t i o n c e n t e r s o f u s e d oil m a t e r i a l s s e r v e s m a l l v o l u m e oil c o n s u m e r s s u c h a s in d iv i d u a l m o t o r i s t s , f a r m e r s a n d s m a l l c o m m e r c i a l o p e r a to r s w h o s e rv ic e th e ir o w n v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t. C o n s u m e r s c a n tr a n s p o r t th eir r e c y c l a b l e u s e d oil m a t e r i a l s t o t h e n e a r e s t E c o C e n t r e . E a c h E c o C e n t r e c o n t a i n s a s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d 4 , 5 0 0 L ite r oil s t o r a g e t a n k a n d d i s p o s a l b i n s f o r f ilte rs a n d c o n t a i n e r s . U s e d oil m a te r ia ls a r e g a t h e r e d by r e g is t e r e d c o lle c to r s a n d t r a n s p o r t e d to r e g is t e r e d p r o c e s s o r s for r e c y c l i n g a n d r e u s e . N o m a t e r i a l s a r e d i s p o s e d o f in m u n i c i p a l la n d fills. P o l i c i e s , o p e r a t i o n s m a n u a l s a n d train in g p r o g r a m s for t h e E c c e n tr ic h a v e b e e n e s ta b l is h e d , t e s t e d a n d p ro v e n . E c o C e n t r e s t a f f is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r e n s u r i n g t h e m a t e r i a l s a r e a c c e p t a b l e f o r r e c y c l i n g a n d in fo rm in g c o n s u m e r s o f h o w to p r o p e r ly d i s p o s e o f u n a c c e p t a b l e p r o d u c ts . O t h e r C o l l e c t i o n D e p o t s - If t h e r e is n o p u r p o s e - b u i l t E c o C e n t r e in a s p e c i f i c a r e a , t h e r e a r e o v e r 1 ,0 0 0 - r e g is te r e d c o llec tio n d e p o t s a c r o s s w e s t e r n C a n a d a e q u i p p e d to a c c e p t t h e u s e d 26 oil m a t e r i a l s f o r r e c y c l i n g . M a n y r u r a l m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , i n d i v i d u a l s a n d b u s i n e s s e s o p e r a t e u s e d oil m a t e r i a l s c o l l e c t i o n d e p o t s o r c o l l e c t u s e d oil m a t e r i a l s f r o m b u s i n e s s e s a n d t h e p u b lic . W o rk in g c o o p e ra tiv e ly , t h e t h r e e provincial a s s o c i a t i o n s h a v e o v e r s e e n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a n e t w o r k o f o v e r 1 , 0 0 0 f a c iliti e s t h a t a c c e p t u s e d oil m a t e r i a l s f o r r e c y c l i n g . T h i s h a s b e e n a c h i e v e d b y build in g o n t h e s t r e n g t h s o f e x is tin g p riv a te s e c t o r s u p p li e r s a n d r e c y c le r s for m a x i m u m r e s u l t s a n d e f f ic i e n c y . 9 .4 G e r m a n L e g i s l a t i o n a n d U s e d O il R e c y c l i n g P r o g r a m s G e r m a n y p r o b a b l y h a s t h e m o s t e l a b o r a t e , c o m p r e h e n s i v e , a n d s o u n d W a s t e Oil M a n a g e m e n t P r o g r a m s ( R e f e r e n c e s 2 1 - 2 4 ) . T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g leg islatio n w a s t h e W a s t e D is p o s a l A c t ( A b f a l l - B e s e i t i g u n g s g e s e t z , A b fG ) p r o m u l g a t e d in J u n e 1 0 , 1 9 7 2 . Its p u r p o s e w a s t o r e o r g a n i z e a n d c l e a n u p w a s t e d i s p o s a l all o v e r G e r m a n y . A n e s s e n t i a l t h e m e o f t h e A c t, w h i c h w a s b a s e d o n e x is tin g s t a t e w a s t e la w s , w a s a f u n d a m e n t a l r e o r g a n iz a t io n a n d c l e a n u p o f w a s t e d is p o s a l. In its c o n t e n t s , t h e r e g u l a t i o n s d e s c r i b e w h o , w h a t , h o w , a n d w h e r e w a s t e n e e d s t o b e d i s p o s e d of. ( R e f e r e n c e 2 1 2 2 ) . T h e W a s t e d i s p o s a l s e c t o r p r o v i d e s 2 4 0 , 0 0 0 j o b s w ith a n a n n u a l t u r n o v e r o f DM 8 0 billion ( $ 3 6 Billion). N o w , C A M c o u n t r i e s h a v e a n e c o n o m i c o u t p u t o f $ 6 7 billion, w h i c h a c c o u n t s f o r a b o u t 0 . 2 % o f w o r l d e c o n o m i c a c tiv ity . C o m p a r i n g t h e tw o f i g u r e s i m p l i e s t h a t t h e G e r m a n w a s t e d i s p o s a l t u r n o v e r c o r r e s p o n d s to m o r e th a n 5 0 % o f C A M e c o n o m i c o u tp u t. T h e w a s t e d i s p o s a l s e c t o r in G e r m a n y h a s b e c o m e a n i m p o r t a n t e c o n o m i c a n d e m p l o y m e n t f a c t o r . B a s e d o n a c o r r e s p o n d i n g o r d i n a n c e t o t h e C l o s e d S u b s t a n c e C y c l e a n d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t A c t, t h e c r e a tio n of th e s p e c ia liz e d w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t c o m p a n y h a s p r o d u c e d a q u ality c o n c e p t c o m b i n i n g c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s w ith d e r e g u l a t i o n . S i n c e t h e n , 1 8 0 s p e c i a l i z e d w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t c o m p a n i e s h a v e b e e n c e r t i f i e d , w ith a f u r t h e r 1 , 7 0 0 c o m p a n i e s c u r r e n t l y a w a i t i n g c e r t i f i c a t i o n , p ro v in g th a t t h e s e c t o r h a s r is e n to th e c h a l l e n g e o f q u ality c o m p e titio n . T h e c e rtific a te s e n s u r e th a t a n e x p e r t, re lia b le c o m p a n y e n s u r e s th e e n v ir o n m e n ta l co m p atib ility o f rec y clin g a n d d isp o sal In 1 9 9 3 , t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t d e c i d e d t o r e f o r m u l a t e w a s t e l a w in to a W a s t e A v o i d a n c e , R e c y c l i n g a n d D i s p o s a l A c t. T h e a i m w a s t o r e a l i z e t h e e c o n o m i c a l l y v i a b l e r e c y c l i n g o f m a t e r i a l s w ith in a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d s o c i a l m a r k e t e c o n o m y . T h e n e w A c t c a m e in to f o r c e o n 7 / 1 0 / 9 6 . W i th it, a n e w , p r e v e n t i v e c o n c e p t o f w a s t e h a s b e e n c r e a t e d . A c c o r d i n g to t h i s c o n c e p t , w a s t e is n o l o n g e r s i m p l y s o m e t h i n g t h a t t h e o w n e r w i s h e s t o g e t rid of, b u t a l s o in c lu d e s th o s e s u b s t a n c e s , s u r p lu s e s a n d re s id u e s , w h ich a r e n e ith e r d e lib e ra te ly p ro d u c e d n o r u s e d for a n y p u r p o s e . T h e s e in c lu d e , fo r e x a m p le , h a rm fu l in d u stria l s u b s t a n c e s a s m u c h a s s c r a p c a r s o r w a s t e p a p e r . T h e n e w w a s t e c o n c e p t , t a k e n f r o m E u r o p e a n la w , is n o w a l s o a p p l i e d a t a n a t i o n a l le v e l. T h e m a i n g o a l o f t h e n e w A c t is t o d e v e l o p w a s t e l a w a n d w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t t o w a r d s a rec y clin g e c o n o m y . T h e c o r n e r s t o n e s of th e n e w leg isla tio n are: • C o n s i s t e n t a p p lic a tio n of t h e P o llu te r P a y s P rin c ip le • T h e c re atio n of a p rev e n tio n -o rie n te d th e r m a l o r m a te ria l recy clin g ) h ierarch y of o b lig a tio n s (av o id a n ce before 27 • T h e e q u a l s t a t u s o f t h e r m a l a n d m a t e r i a l r e c y c l i n g , w ith t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f d e t e r m i n i n g a p r io rity in t h e c a s e o f s p e c i f i c w a s t e f o r m s b y s t a t u t o r y o r d e r • P r o d u c e r s ’ r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e i r p r o d u c t s ( to b e v e r i f i e d in e a c h c a s e b y s t a t u t o r y order) • E x te n d in g t h e o p p o r tu n itie s fo r th e p riv atiza tio n o f w a s t e d is p o s a l T h r o u g h i n t e g r a t e d r e c y c l i n g o f s o l v e n t s a n d o ils, w a s t e is t o b e a v o i d e d a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e e v e n a t t h e p r o d u c tio n s ta g e , a n d o n t h e o th e r h a n d , th e p r o d u c e r s re sp o n sib ility for th e ir p r o d u c ts w h i c h is n o w e m b o d i e d in l a w s h o u l d s e e t o it t h a t p r o d u c t s a r e s o s t r u c t u r e d t h a t w a s t e is a v o i d e d in t h e i r m a n u f a c t u r e a n d u s e , a n d t h a t a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s o u n d r e c y c l i n g a n d d i s p o s a l is e n s u r e d a f t e r t h e i r u s e . T h u s p r o d u c t s s h o u l d b e u s a b l e a n u m b e r o f t i m e s , l o n g - l i v e d , e a s i l y r e p a r a b l e a n d l o w in p o l l u t a n t s . T h e f o llo w in g d i r e c t i v e s s u p p l e m e n t t h e n e w A ct: • T h e w a s t e certificatio n d ire c tiv e (A b fa ll- N a c h w e is v e r o rd n u n g ) • T h e d irec tiv e in tro d u c in g th e E u r o p e a n w a s t e c a ta lo g u e (V e ro rd n u n g z u r E in fü h ru n g d e s E u r o p a is c h e n A b fa llk a talo g s) • T h e d irec tiv e o n d e s ig n a tin g w a s t e req u irin g s p e c ia l s u p e rv is io n B e s tim m u n g v o n b e s o n d e r s ü b e r w a c h u n g s b e d ü r f t i g e n A bfallen) • T h e d irec tiv e o n recy clin g w a s t e req u irin g s p e c ia l s u p e rv is io n (V erordnung zur (V e ro rd n u n g z u r B e s t i m m u n g ü b e r w a c h u n g s b e d ü r f t i g e r A b f a l l e z u r V e r w e r tu n g ) • • T h e t r a n s p o r t a u th o r iz a tio n d ire c tiv e (V e r o r d n u n g z u r T r a n s p o r tg e n e h m ig u n g ) T h e d irectiv e o n w a s t e m a n a g e m e n t p la n s a n d w a s t e a u d its (V e ro rd n u n g ü b e r A b fa llw ir ts c h a fts k o n z e p te u n d A b fa llb ila n z e n ) • T h e d ire c tiv e o n w a s t e d i s p o s a l firm s a n d t h e g u id e lin e s fo r t h e a c tiv itie s a n d re c o g n itio n o f w a s t e d is p o s a l firm s (V e r o r d n u n g ü b e r E n ts o r g u n g s fa c h b e tr ie b e u n d d i e R ic h tlin ie f ü r d i e T a tig k e it u n d A n e r k e n n u n g v o n E n t s o r g e r g e m e i n s c h a f t e n ) S i n c e 1 / 1 1 / 8 6 , t h e d i s p o s a l o f u s e d oil is c a r r i e d o u t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e g u l a t i o n s c o n t a i n e d in t h e W a s t e A v o i d a n c e a n d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t A c t ( A b f a l l g e s e t z ) o f 2 / 8 / 8 6 ( B G B l. I p. 1 4 1 0 , a m e n d e d p. 1 5 0 1 ) . T h e l e g i s l a t u r e w a s a s s u m i n g t h a t w a s t e o ils o f a n y k in d c o u l d c a u s e c o n s i d e r a b l e h a r m t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . T h i s b r o a d d e f i n i t i o n o f w a s t e oil i n c l u d e s in p r i n c i p l e all fluid o r s e m i - f l u i d s u b s t a n c e s d e r i v e d f r o m c r u d e oil. T h i s i n c l u d e s s u b s t a n c e s c o m i n g f r o m p a r t i c u l a r u s e s , like l u b r i c a t i o n , p r o p u l s i o n , c o o l i n g o r i n s u l a t i o n , f r o m p r o c e s s e s s u c h a s drilling, c u t t i n g , g r i n d i n g a n d p o l i s h i n g , d r e s s i n g l e a t h e r , o r a s s o l v e n t s o r h y d r a u l i c flu id s . T h e d e f in i tio n a l s o i n v o l v e s s y n t h e t i c h y d r o c a r b o n s , b u t e q u a l l y o t h e r oil-like s u b s t a n c e s , e . g . s y n t h e t i c P C B b a s e d o ils a n d s u b s t i t u t e s c o n t a i n i n g h a l o g e n s , a s m a y b e f o u n d in t r a n s f o r m e r s , c o n d e n s e r s 28 a n d h y d r a u l i c e q u i p m e n t . F in a lly , a s e r i e s o f s o l v e n t s , in p a r t i c u l a r w h i t e sp irit, t u r p e n t i n e a n d p e t r o l e u m s p i r i t s - b a s e d c l e a n i n g flu id s , c o m e u n d e r t h i s n e w d e f i n i t i o n o f w a s t e oil. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e W a s t e A v o i d a n c e a n d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t A c t, all p r o v i s i o n s a p p l y t o w a s t e oil d i s p o s a l , u n l e s s w a s t e o ils a r e r e t u r n e d t o a fac ility l i c e n s e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e F e d e r a l E m i s s i o n C o n t r o l A c t ( B u n d e s i m m i s s i o n s s c h u t z g e s e t z ) f o r r e c y c l i n g o r r e u s e a s f u e l. T h e w a s t e o ils i n c l u d e d w ith in t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f A c t c a n b e d i v i d e d in to t h e f o llo w in g t h r e e g r o u p s : • W a s t e o ils w h i c h c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d f o r r e p r o c e s s i n g . T h e s e a r e u s e d i n t e r n a l c o m b u s t i o n e n g i n e oil, t r a n s m i s s i o n oil a n d m i n e r a l m o t o r a n d t r a n s m i s s i o n o ils c o n f o r m i n g t o t h e lim its o n P C B s a n d to t a l h a l o g e n c o n t e n t • W a s t e o ils w h i c h a r e u s e d a s a f u e l s u p p l y in l i c e n s e d f a c iliti e s • W a s t e o ils w h i c h a r e d e a l t w ith in h a z a r d o u s w a s t e d i s p o s a l f a c i l i t i e s b e c a u s e r e p r o c e s s i n g o r u s e a s f u e l c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d , e . g . h y d r a u l i c f lu id s f r o m m in i n g , m e t a l w o r k i n g o ils w ith a h i g h c o n t e n t o f a d d i t i v e s a n d s m a l l q u a n t i t i e s o f oil o f u n k n o w n o rig in , w h e r e a n a l y s i s o f p o l l u t a n t s c o n t a i n e d is n o t c a r r i e d o u t in e v e r y c a s e a t t h e s i t e o f d i s p o s a l o r co llec tio n . S o m e h i g h l i g h t s o f t h e G e r m a n U s e d Oil R e c y c l i n g P r o g r a m : a) A n y o n e s e l l i n g u n u s e d oil m u s t a c c e p t w i t h o u t c h a r g e a q u a n t i t y o f u s e d e n g i n e o r t r a n s m i s s i o n oil e q u a l t o a n y q u a n t i t y o f u n u s e d oil t h e y d e l i v e r t h e m s e l v e s b) T h e a b o v e o b l i g a t i o n a p p l i e s w h e n t h e b u y e r p u r c h a s e s u n u s e d oil in a t l e a s t t h e s a m e q u a n t i t y a s t h e u s e d oil t o b e a c c e p t e d b y t h e s u p p l i e r , o r c a n p r o v i d e e v id e n c e of h av in g p u r c h a s e d th e s a m e q u an tity a t a n e a rlie r d a te . c) S e lle r s of lu b ric a n ts m u s t d is p la y n o tic e o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n ts fo r p r o p e r d is p o s a l of u s e d e n g i n e o r t r a n s m i s s i o n oil, e i t h e r o n t h e p a c k a g i n g o f t h e p r o d u c t d e l i v e r e d , a t th e po in t of s a l e o r o th e rw is e . d) If d e l i v e r y is t o p r i v a t e e n d u s e r s , t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e c o l l e c t i o n p o i n t m u s t b e le g ib ly i n d i c a t e d o n e a s i l y r e c o g n i z a b l e s i g n s a t t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e p r o d u c t is a c t u a l l y o ffered for sa le . e) If t h e r e is n o c o l l e c t i o n p o i n t a t t h e p o i n t o f s a l e , t h e p r e s e n c e o f a c o l l e c t i o n p o i n t in t h e v ic in ity m u s t b e s h o w n . If t h e r e t a i l e r ( e . g . a d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e , s e l f - s e r v i c e o r o t h e r re ta il o u t l e t ) d o e s n o t s e t u p a c o l l e c t i o n p o i n t itself, it m a y m a k e u s e o f th ir d p a r t i e s to fulfill its o b l i g a t i o n s 29 F i g u r e 7 : G e r m a n E n v i r o n m e n t a l L a b e l ( B l u e E c o A n g e l ”) ( L a s t U p d a te : F e b r u a r y 18, 1 9 9 9 ) ^ Eco friendly consumption: a viable proposition? ^ The Blue Eco Angel So what is the Environmental Label Campaign all about? ^ The Environmental Label: in the office for example v The Environmental Label: in DIY for example ^ The Environmental Label: in waste avoidance for example v The Environmental Label: in water conservation for example v T he G erm an E n v iro n m e n ta l L abel an im p o rta n t s te p Products with the Environmental Label (selection; as of June 1997) Acknowledgements to w a r d s e c o frie n d ly c o n s u m p tio n ! 9 .5 M e x ica n L a w s a n d R e g u la tio n s f o r W a s te D is p o s a l In M e x i c o , l a w s f o r h a z a r d o u s w a s t e h a n d l i n g h a v e b e e n p r o m u l g a t e d ( R e f e r e n c e 2 5 ) . T h e s e d e s c r i b e t h e r e g u la tio n s a n d le g is la tio n s for p r o te c tin g t h e e n v i r o n m e n t. T h e y s e e m to b e v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h e o r i g i n a l l a w s w r i t t e n in t h e U S b y t h e E P A . H o w e v e r , t h e r e a r e t w o m a i n d i f f e r e n c e s w ith U S l a w s , r e g u l a t i o n s , a n d c o m p l i a n c e p r o c e d u r e s : a) T h e r e a r e m o stly la w s for p ro te c tin g th e e n v ir o n m e n t from h a z a r d o u s w a s t e - no c o m p r e h e n s i v e a n d s p e c i f i c r e g u l a t i o n s d e a l i n g d i r e c t l y w ith U s e d Oil H a n d l i n g a n d R e c y c l i n g s e e m t o e x i s t - s a m e a s in C A M c o u n t r i e s b) U s e d oil is c o m p r i s e d in t h e list o f h a z a r d o u s w a s t e a m o n g “l a s C a r a c t e r í s t i c a s d e l o s R e s i d u o s P e l i g r o s o s “ ( R e f e r e n c e 2 2 ) - t h i s is c o n t r a r y t o t h e A m e r i c a n P e t r o l e u m I n s t i t u t e ’s d e c i s i o n m a d e in 1 9 9 2 , w h i c h lis ts “U s e d O i l s ” a s n o n - h a z a r d o u s T h e r e w a s a P ilo t P r o j e c t l a b e l e d “M e t r o p o l i t a n E n v i r o n m e n t a l C o m m i s s i o n ” f o r t h e l u b r i c a t i n g oil h a n d l i n g u s e d in M e t r o p o l i t a n Z o n e o f t h e V a l l e y o f M e x i c o (Z M V M ), w h i c h w a s p r o p o s e d b y t h e S t a t e o f M e x i c o ( J u l y 1 3 , 2 0 0 0 ) . T h e p r o g r a m ’s g o a l w a s t o r e v i e w , a n a l y z e , a n d r e p o r t o n t h e n e g a t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t o f U s e d O ils. BREM S tu d y : (R efere n ce 2 6 ): B u s i n e s s R e s e a r c h E m e r g i n g M a r k e t s ( B R E M ) , a L o n d o n - b a s e d m a r k e t i n g c o n s u l t i n g firm, c o n d u c t e d a U s e d Oil S t u d y in 1 9 9 6 . T h e y i n t e r v i e w e d 5 3 5 f l e e t a n d t r a d e c o m p a n i e s , 1 , 0 0 0 p riv ate m o to rists, a n d 3 0 9 c o m m e rc ia l o w n e r-d riv e rs (tax i-o w n ers, m ic ro -b u s e s , b u s e s a n d t r u c k s ) in f o u r k e y r e g i o n s o f M e x i c o : C e n t r a l , W e s t , N o r t h , a n d S o u t h e a s t . 30 A m a j o r i t y o f f l e e t a n d t r a d e c o m p a n i e s r e p o r t e d e x i s t i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r c o l l e c t i n g u s e d oils. O f t h e 3 0 0 Million lit e r s o f a u t o m o t i v e l u b r i c a n t s ( h i g h n u m b e r in t h e a u t h o r ’s v ie w ) , 2 5 t o 4 0 % w e r e n o t a c c o u n t e d f o r v i a c o l l e c t i o n m e a n s . T h e s t u d y e s t i m a t e d t h a t 3 0 t o 4 5 m illion o f u s e d oil “d i s a p p e a r s ” o n t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e c h a l l e n g e is e v e n e x a c e r b a t e d b y D y e r s , w h o c o n t r i b u t e r e l a t i v e l y m o r e t o d u m p i n g t h e oil r a t h e r t h a n b r i n g i n g it t o a s e r v i c e c e n t e r a s is g e n e r a l l y d o n e in t h e U S A . N o t e t h a t t h e M e x i c a n D y e r m a r k e t is o n l y 1 8 % w h e n c o m p a r e d t o 5 0 % in t h e U S A . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , l a r g e c o m m e r c i a l f le e ts a r e id en tified b y t h e A tto r n e y G e n e r a l for E n v ir o n m e n t P r o te c tio n ( P r o c u r a d u r í a F e d e r a l d e la P r o t e c t i o n A m b i e n t a l , P R O F E P A ) . In a d d i t i o n , p e o p l e ’s a w a r e n e s s a n d a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s u s e d oil i m p a c t s o n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t is i n c r e a s i n g e s p e c i a l l y in t h e l a r g e m e tr o a r e a s . T h e s e a r e v e r y p o s itiv e s i g n s fo r t h e fu tu re . 1 0 . D e s i g n , D e v e l o p m e n t , I m p l e m e n t a t i o n , a n d A p p l i c a t i o n o f a U s e d O il M an ag em en t P ro g ram S y ste m s 1 0 .1 T a rg e t M ark et S e g m e n t A s w e d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r , t h e U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t P r o g r a m S y s t e m will f o c u s o n D o - I t - F o r M e s e c t o r o f u s e d o ils, n a m e l y , b u s i n e s s e s t h a t c h a n g e o ils s u c h a s s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s , d e a l e r s h i p s , lu b ric e n tro s , g a r a g e s , fle e t o w n e r s / o p e r a t o r s , t r a n s p o r t c o m p a n i e s , e tc . T h e D IY er m a r k e t , c o n s u m e r s c h a n g i n g t h e i r o w n oil, m a y n o t b e r e a d y f o r a s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a t i o n o f a U O M P in t h e s h o r t t e r m . T h e D y e r m a r k e t s e g m e n t will b e e v a l u a t e d a n d c o n s i d e r e d la te r . T h i s p r o p o s a l is v e r y p r o a c t i v e a n d r e a l i s t i c f o r t h e f o llo w in g r e a s o n s : 1 0 . 1 . 1 : C o n s u m e r s in C A M c o u n t r i e s m a k e l e s s t h a n 2 5 % o f P C M O c h a n g e s . C o n s i d e r i n g t h a t P C M O is c a . 2 5 % o f T o t a l u s e d o ils, t h e % o f o ils c h a n g e d b y c o n s u m e r s a m o u n t t o n o m o r e t h a n 7 % o f t o ta l u s e d oil ( P C M O , D E O , I n d u s t r i a l ) 1 0 . 1 . 2 : T h e d e e p c o n s u m e r s ’ u n a w a r e n e s s o f t h e u s e d oil i s s u e in C A M c o u n t r i e s , t h e l a c k of s u p p o r tiv e in fra stru c tu re , a n d t h e fin an cial f u n d s n e e d e d m a k e a p r o p o s a l for a D I Y e r U O M P i m p r a c t i c a l ( a t l e a s t in t h e s h o r t t e r m ) . 1 0 . 1 . 3 : T h e p r o p o s e d r e g u l a t i n g l a w s f o r d e a l i n g w i t h u s e d o ils g e n e r a t e d b y b u s i n e s s e s a r e a n e x c e l l e n t s t e p in t h e r ig h t d i r e c t i o n f o r a d d r e s s i n g t h i s i m p o r t a n t i s s u e o f u s e d o ils h an d lin g 1 0 .2 B a s ic E le m e n ts o f a R e c y c lin g P ro g ra m T h e lo c a l r e c y c l i n g p r o g r a m is a c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t t h a t m a y i n v o l v e t h e lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t s , e n v iro n m e n ta l g ro u p s , p riv ate b u s in e s s e s , a n d s e rv ic e o rg a n iz a tio n s . Local g o v e r n m e n ts c a n r e g u l a t e t h e h a n d l i n g o f u s e d o ils t h r o u g h c o l l e c t i o n c e n t e r s a n d / o r d i r e c t l y f r o m oil h a n g e r s , s e r v ic e s ta tio n s , d e a le r s h i p s , a n d lu b ric e n tro s. T h e y m a y a l s o offer in c e n tiv e s (lo w er ta x r a te s , “l a n d d o n a t i o n s ”, l o a n s a t lo w f i n a n c i n g r a t e s , e t c . ) to t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r , w h i c h will s e e t h i s a s a p r o f i t a b l e b u s i n e s s o p p o r t u n i t y in c o l l e c t i n g a n d r e c y c l i n g u s e d o ils. P r i v a t e b u s i n e s s e s a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l a g e n c i e s c a n h e l p d e s i g n a n d o r g a n i z e t h e p r o g r a m s . T h e s e p a r t i c i p a n t s will 31 d e c i d e h o w t h e p r o g r a m will r u n — w h o will p i c k u p t h e u s e d oil, w h o will t r a n s p o r t it, w h o will r e c y c l e it, h o w t h e p r o g r a m will b e p u b l i c i z e d , e t c 1 0 .3 O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e U s e d O il R e c y c l i n g P r o g r a m - N e e d f o r a P r o g r a m s p o n s o r L o cal recy clin g p r o g r a m s c a n b e o p e r a t e d by v a rio u s g r o u p s w o rk in g t o g e t h e r (p re fe ra b ly ). P a r tic ip a n ts c a n in c lu d e a n e n v ir o n m e n ta l g r o u p (to m o n ito r c o m p lia n c e p r o c e d u r e s ) , a s e r v ic e o r g a n i z a t i o n ( t o h a n d l e l o g i s t i c s ) , a n a g e n c y o f t h e lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t ( f o r r e g u l a t i n g l a w s ) , a n d a p riv a te b u s i n e s s to im p le m e n t th e re c y c lin g p r o g ra m . T h e p r o g r a m s p o n s o r s h o u ld r e s e a r c h lo c a l u s e d oil r e c y c l i n g p r o b l e m s , p o t e n t i a l n e w c o l l e c t i o n s i t e s , h a u l e r s a n d r e c y c l e r s , a n d s o u r c e s o f f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t . T h e p r o g r a m s p o n s o r s h o u l d h e l p d e s i g n t h e p r o g r a m itself, c h o o s i n g likely c e n t r a l c o l l e c t i o n p o i n t s , e n l i s t i n g t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s , q u i c k l u b e s , L u b r i c e n t r o s , f l e e t o w n e r s . S p o n s o r s s h o u l d c r e a t e n e w s c o v e r a g e in lo c a l m e d i a , d e s i g n a n d d istrib u te s ig n s a n d b u m p e r stick e rs, a n d p u b licize th e p ro g ra m . 1 0 .4 R o les a n d R e la tio n sh ip s of P a rtic ip a n ts L o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s c a n d e s i g n a n d l e a d u s e d oil r e c y c l i n g p r o g r a m s e n t i r e l y o n t h e i r o w n . H o w e v e r , t h e p r o g r a m s will b e m o r e s u c c e s s f u l , a n d m o r e a f f o r d a b l e , if lo c a l b u s i n e s s g r o u p s c a r ry m u c h of t h e re sp o n sib ility , in c lu d in g ta k in g th e le a d a s t h e p rim a ry s p o n s o r . A c o m m o n r o l e o f lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t is t o p u b l i c i z e t h e p r o g r a m a n d to p r o v i d e i n c e n t i v e s t o t h e p r i v a t e b u s i n e s s a n d o th e r p a rtic ip a n ts to h a n d l e r e s e a r c h , p r o g ra m s e tu p , a n d p ro m o tio n . G o v e r n m e n t s c a n a l s o p l a y a l e a d e r s h i p r o l e b y p r o c u r i n g p r o d u c t s m a d e w ith r e c y c l e d u s e d oil. 1 0 .5 L ocal In d u stry o r B u s in e s s G ro u p s L ocal b u s i n e s s e s c a n p ro v id e a n d m a n a g e co llec tio n c e n te r s , c o n trib u te m o n e y a n d r e s o u r c e s t o p r o m o t e t h e p r o g r a m , c o n d u c t t h e i r o w n p r o m o t i o n s , a n d h e l p o r g a n i z e o t h e r g r o u p s . In s o li c it in g p a r t i c i p a t i o n f r o m b u s i n e s s e s , w e n e e d t o f o c u s o n t h o s e w h o h a v e a s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t in u s e d oil s a l e s a n d / o r r e c y c l i n g — m a j o r l u b r i c a n t s u s e r s , oil c h a n g e r s , h a u l e r s , t r a n s p o r t e r s , a n d re c y c le rs. Local b u s i n e s s a s s o c ia tio n s , s u c h a s t h o s e s e rv in g b u s flee t o p e r a to rs , tru ck f l e e t o p e r a t o r s , c a r s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s , a n d c a r d e a l e r s h i p s , c a n b e i n v a l u a b l e in p r o m o t i n g t h e p r o g r a m o v e r a l l a n d in c o o r d i n a t i n g p a r t i c i p a t i o n a m o n g t h e i r m e m b e r s h i p s . 1 0 .6 S ettin g P ro g ra m G o a ls T o g u i d e t h e a c t u a l d e s i g n o f t h e p r o g r a m , it is i m p o r t a n t t o l a y o u t its g o a l s a n d o b j e c t i v e s a s c l e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e . If s p e c i f i c lo c a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s n e e d a t t e n t i o n , f o c u s o n s o l v i n g t h e m first. P r o b l e m s m i g h t i n c l u d e t h e d u m p i n g o f oil in to s e w e r s , p e o p l e a n d / o r b u s i n e s s e s c h a n g i n g oil in p a r k s o r o t h e r p u b l i c a r e a s , p o o r p e r f o r m a n c e o f lo c a l u s e d oil h a u l e r s o r rec y c le rs, o r lack of s e g r e g a tio n of h o u s e h o ld h a z a r d o u s w a s t e s ( s u c h a s p e s tic id e s, an tifre e z e , p a i n t t h i n n e r s , h o u s e h o l d c l e a n e r s , a n d c o n t a m i n a t e d r a g s ) f r o m u s e d oil p r i o r t o r e c y c l i n g . 32 1 0 .7 D e c id in g o n C o lle c tio n M e th o d s T h e c o l l e c t i o n s y s t e m is t h e c o r n e r s t o n e o f t h e e n t i r e p r o g r a m . T h e m o r e c o n v e n i e n t a n d a c c e s s i b l e t h e c o l l e c t i o n , t h e m o r e u s e d oil will b e r e t u r n e d f o r r e c y c l i n g . T o e n c o u r a g e p o t e n t i a l c o l l e c t i o n s t a t i o n s t o p a r t i c i p a t e , w e n e e d t o s t r e s s t h e f o llo w in g s e l l i n g p o i n t s : • P a r t i c i p a t i o n s h o u l d i n c r e a s e c o n s u m e r tr a f f ic a t t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t a n d c a n th e re fo re b o o s t b u s in e s s . • P a r t i c i p a t i o n c a n i n c r e a s e c u s t o m e r g o o d will. • P a r t i c i p a t i o n h e l p s f ig h t p o l l u t i o n a n d c o n s e r v e s a v a l u a b l e n a t u r a l r e - s o u r c e . • P artic ip a tio n m a y c o n trib u te a sm a ll s o u r c e of r e v e n u e from th e s a l e of u s e d oil. ( T h i s d e p e n d s e n t i r e l y o n lo c a l e c o n o m i c s ) . • 1 0 .8 B e s u r e to c l e a r l y e x p l a i n t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f m a n a g i n g a c o l l e c t i o n s t a t i o n . F in d in g a H a u le r T h e u s e d oil m u s t b e p i c k e d u p in a t i m e l y m a n n e r b y r e s p o n s i b l e , a u t h o r i z e d u s e d oil h a u l e r s a n d s e n t t o r e p u t a b l e r e c y c l e r s . I n s u r e t h a t t h e h a u l e r / r e c y c l e r s h o u l d b e in c o m p l i a n c e w ith all a p p l ic a b le s t a t e la w s . T h e p r o g r a m m u s t e n s u r e t h a t h a u le r s : H a v e v a l id l i c e n s e s a n d o p e r a t e in a s a f e a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s o u n d f a s h i o n . M a i n t a i n r e g u l a r r e c o r d s o f q u a n t i t i e s o f u s e d oil c o l l e c t e d , d e l i v e r e d , a n d han d led . D e l i v e r u s e d oil t o a p p r o v e d a n d r e p u t a b l e r e c y c l i n g f a c iliti e s 1 0 .9 Id e n tify in g a R e c y c le r a n d th e R e c y c lin g S y s t e m s T h e r e c y c l i n g m e t h o d s a n d p r o c e s s e s w e r e d e s c r i b e d in S e c t i o n 3 . 3 . L e t u s e v a l u a t e e a c h o n e of t h o s e fo u r o p tio n s for C A M c o u n trie s . O n - s i t e r e c o n d i t i o n i n g e x t e n d s t h e u s e f u l life o f t h e oil b y u s i n g it l o n g e r a f t e r t h e d e p o s i t s a n d i m p u r i t i e s a r e r e m o v e d . T h i s a p p l i c a t i o n is a t t r a c t i v e e s p e c i a l l y f o r i n d u s t r i a l ( e . g . , h y d r a u l i c / t u r b i n e o ils ) a n d c o m m e r c i a l oils. B u rn in g u s e d o ils in e x p e n siv e , e a s ie r as to f u e l is a l s o a n a t t r a c t i v e m e t h o d f o r C A M c o u n t r i e s . It is i m p l e m e n t , b e n e f i c i a l t o C A M c o u n t r i e s in r e d u c i n g t h e i r d e p e n d e n c e o n f o r e i g n oil, e t c . It is v e r y e n c o u r a g i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h i s r e c y c l i n g m e t h o d is a l r e a d y u s e d in s o m e c e m e n t a n d b a n a n a f a c t o r i e s in H o n d u r a s . T h e r e p r o c e s s i n g , w h i c h i n v o l v e s i n t r o d u c i n g u s e d oil in to a p e t r o l e u m r e f i n e r y a s a f e e d s t o c k t o p r o d u c e g a s o l i n e a n d c o k e , is a p o s s i b l e o p t i o n if u s e d o ils a r e n o t c o n t a m i n a t e d w ith c h e m i c a l w a s t e . 33 T h e r e - r e f i n i n g p r o c e s s i n v o l v e s a r a t h e r l a r g e f irs t h a n d i n v e s t m e n t in d e s i g n i n g a n d b u i l d i n g a “s t a t e o f t h e a r t ” r e - r e f i n e r y ( m i n i m u m c o s t o f $ 7 5 M M ). In a d d i t i o n , t h e u s e d oil a m o u n t g e n e r a t e d in e a c h o n e o f t h e C A M c o u n t r i e s m a y n o t b e l a r g e e n o u g h to p r o v id e e n o u g h f e e d s t o c k for a re-re fin e ry . A n efficien t a n d p r o d u c tiv e r e -re fin e ry s h o u ld p r o c e s s a t l e a s t 5 M M G a l l o n s o f u s e d o ils a y e a r ( c a . 5 0 % o f all u s e d o ils in G u a t e m a l a ) . T h e r e f o r e , b e c a u s e o f l a c k o f “o p e r a t i o n s c a l e ” in C A M r e l a t i v e l y h i g h c a p i t a l i n v e s t m e n t , t h e r e - r e f i n e r y o p t i o n is n o t a t t r a c t i v e . T h e re c y c le r m u s t h a v e a ta n k farm a d e q u a t e to re c e iv e , sto re , co u n tries an d a n d h a n d l e u s e d o ils a c c o r d i n g to r e g u la tin g la w s. T h e s t o r a g e t a n k s s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d a n d b u ilt w ith t h e a p p l i c a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l s a f e g u a r d s i n c l u d i n g m in . d i s t a n c e o f h o l d i n g t a n k s t o t a n k f a r m w all, c o n t a i n m e n t a r e a f o r t r u c k u n l o a d i n g , a n c h o r e d t a n k s t o s l a b ( w h i c h is t i e d t o g r o u n d r o d s ) . R e p r o c e s s i n g o r b u r n i n g u s e o ils a s f u e l s h o u l d b e d o n e in a c c o r d a n c e w ith e n v i r o n m e n t a l s a f e g u a r d s to p r e v e n t t h e d e - p o s i t of h a z a r d o u s , in c o m p a tib le , o r o t h e r m a te r ia ls th a t c o u ld c o n t a m i n a t e t h e u s e d oil; p r e v e n t fire h a z a r d s ; a n d c o n t r o l a n d r e s p o n d t o s p i l l a g e . P r o p e r p r e p a r a t i o n o f all p r o s p e c t i v e r e c y c l i n g s t a t i o n s will e n s u r e s m o o t h o p e r a t i o n o f t h e p r o g r a m . 1 0 . 1 0 I d e a s f o r P r o m o t i n g a U s e d O il P r o g r a m A s m e n tio n e d earlier, t h e s t a t e a n d g o v e r n m e n ta l a g e n c i e s s h o u ld offe r in c e n tiv e s to t h e p riv a te s e c t o r t o m a k e t h e U O M P is a r e w a r d i n g e x p e r i e n c e a s w e ll a s a p r o f i t a b l e o p e r a t i o n . W e d o n o t b e l i e v e t h a t t h e g o v e r n m e n t e n t i t i e s c a n c a r r y o u t all t h e t a s k s a s s o c i a t e d w ith d e v e l o p i n g a n d im p le m e n tin g a s u c c e s s fu l U O M P. W e s h o u l d r a i s e a w a r e n e s s o f t h e d a m a g e u s e d oil c a n d o , its v a l u e a s a r e s o u r c e , a n d h o w to c h a n g e a u t o oil in a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s o u n d m a n n e r . P r o m o t i n g a u s e d oil p r o g r a m i n v o l v e s t a k i n g a d v a n t a g e o f all p o s s i b l e o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o b r i n g y o u r m e s s a g e t o t h e p u b l i c ( e s p e c i a l l y oil c h a n g e r s ) , e d u c a t i n g t h e m a b o u t t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e u s e d oil i s s u e a n d h o w t o m a n a g e t h e i r oil p r o p e r l y , a n d te llin g t h e m h o w t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e p r o g r a m ’s s e r v i c e s . O f f e r i n g s p e c i a l p r i z e s t o t h e t h r e e l a r g e s t r e c y c l e r s c a n h e l p in t h i s p r o c e s s . T h e P r o p o s e d U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t P r o g r a m S y s t e m is d e p i c t e d in F i g u r e 8. 34 F i g u r e 8 : P r o p o s e d U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t P r o g r a m S y s t e m U se d O il G e n e r a to r s Lubricírntro r Service Stations if 11. C o m m e n ts a n d R e c o m m e n d a tio n s In t h i s r e p o r t , w e h a v e e v a l u a t e d t h e c u r r e n t U s e d Oil s i t u a t i o n in C A M c o u n t r i e s . T h i s i n c l u d e s a s u r v e y o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e g u l a t i o n s d e a l i n g w ith u s e d o ils, t h e l u b r i c a n t o ils d e m a n d , t h e u s e d oil m a r k e t s i z e , a n d t h e p r e l i m i n a r y p r a c t i c e s f o r h a n d l i n g u s e d o ils. It is e n c o u r a g i n g to n o t i c e t h a t g o o d p r o g r e s s h a d b e e n a c c o m p l i s h e d o v e r t h e l a s t f e w y e a r s in t e r m s o f 35 e n v i r o n m e n t a l a w a r e n e s s a s w e ll a s m o r e p r o t e c t i o n m e a s u r e s b e i n g p u t in p l a c e . H o w e v e r , r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r f u t u r e w o r k a r e n e c e s s a r y a s f o llo w s : 1 1 .1 N e e d f o r B e t t e r U s e d O il N o m e n c l a t u r e a n d T e c h n i c a l T e r m i n o l o g y T h e U S d e f i n i t i o n o f U s e d O il”, r e c o g n i z e d in m o s t W e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s , w a s g i v e n in S e c t i o n 3 . 1 . H o w e v e r , t h e r e is c u r r e n t l y a l a c k o f a c o n s i s t e n t a n d w e l l - a c c e p t e d d e f i n i t i o n o f U s e d O ils in m o s t C A M c o u n t r i e s . In s o m e c o u n t r i e s , U s e d O i l s ” s e e m s t o i n c l u d e u s e d o i l / h y d r o c a r b o n m ix t u re s a n d / o r s o l v e n t s . T h e r e f o r e , o n e n e e d s to a p p l y tig h te r” a n d p r e c i s e d e fin itio n s for U s e d O i l s ” a n d r e l a t e d t o p i c s s u c h a s : a ) w h a t is a H a z a r d o u s ” U s e d O i l ? b) W h a t is a n o n h a z a r d o u s U s e d O i l ? c) W h a t a r e t h e h a z a r d o u s s u b s t a n c e s g e n e r a l l y f o u n d in U s e d O i l s ? d) W h a t a r e t h e h a z a r d o u s s u b s t a n c e s g e n e r a l l y f o u n d in h y d r o c a r b o n s / f u e l m i x t u r e s ? E tc . T h e t o p i c o f U s e d O ils, m e a n t a s U s e d L u b r i c a t i n g O i l s ”, s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y f r o m o t h e r h y d r o c a r b o n m i x t u r e s ( M e z c l a s O l e o s a s ” in S p a n i s h ) - a t l e a s t in t h e fin al a n a l y s i s . T h i s is b e c a u s e c h e m i c a l c o n t e n t s , a p p l i c a t i o n s , a n d r e s i d u a l c o n t e n t s ” o f u s e d l u b r i c a t i n g o ils a r e d iffe re n t fro m h y d r o c a r b o n m ix tu re s ( a .k .a fuel m ix tu re s). T h e r e f o r e , e n v ir o n m e n ta l r e g u la tio n s th a t re fe r to M e z c la s O l e o s a s y /o A c e ite s L u b ric a n te s U s a d o s ” s h o u ld a d d r e s s t h e s p e c ific r e g u l a t i o n s f o r o n e o r t h e o t h e r - n o t b o t h . In t h i s f a s h i o n , o n e c a n d i s t i n g u i s h t h e r e g u l a t i o n s a n d h a n d l i n g of: • N o n - h a z a r d o u s ” U s e d O ils c o n t a i n i n g n o o r o n l y t r a c e s o f h a z a r d o u s s u b s t a n c e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e U S A ‘s T itle 4 0 o f F e d e r a l R e g u l a t i o n s P a r t 2 6 1 ( 4 0 C F R 2 6 1 ) . • H a z a r d o u s ” U s e d O ils w ith t o x i c c o n t e n t s h i g h e r t h a n t h r e s h o l d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e U S reg u la tio n a b o v e • O t h e r h y d r o c a r b o n s a n d fuel m i x t u r e s ” T h e a b o v e is w e ll a d d r e s s e d in t h e d o c u m e n t p r o v i d e d b y E l - S a l v a d o r ( R e f e r e n c e 2 7 ) , w h i c h r e f e r s t o t h e a b o v e U S R e g u l a t i o n ( 4 0 C F R ) . T h e r e f o r e , t h e U s e d Oil h a n d l i n g p r o c e d u r e s d e s c r i b e d in t h e E l - S a l v a d o r p r e l i m i n a r y p r o j e c t c a n b e u til iz e d in all C A M c o u n t r i e s w ith n e c e s s a r y u p d a t e s of th e reg u la tio n s. 1 1 .2 N ee d fo r U p d atin g L a w s a n d R e g u la tio n s W e n o tic ed th a t th e reg u latio n s ea rlier v e rsio n s. u p d a t e d in lig h t th e USA. S o m e ce rta in CAM reg u la tin g la w s a r e n o t u p d a te d o v e r th e la st fe w y e a rs . S o m e of a r e a d a p t e d f r o m N o r t h A m e r i c a n ( M e x i c a n , U S ) d o c u m e n t a t i o n b u t in t h e i r T h e r e f o r e , t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e g u l a t i o n s d e a l i n g w ith U s e d O ils n e e d t o b e o f c o r r e s p o n d i n g l a w s a p p l i c a b l e in a d v a n c e d c o u n t r i e s s u c h a s G e r m a n y a n d o f t h e U s e d Oil H a n d l i n g M o d e l s u s e d in t h e s e t w o c o u n t r i e s c a n b e lo c a lly - c u s t o m i z e d ’ t o C A M c o u n t r i e s a n d u t il iz e d a c c o r d i n g l y . In a d d i t i o n , s o m e o f t h e C A M r e g u l a t i o n c o n t a i n t e c h n i c a l d e t a i l s , w h i c h a r e e i t h e r n o l o n g e r v a l id o r o u t d a t e d . T h e r e g u l a t i n g l a w s s h o u l d b e p r e c i s e a n d n o t o p e n - e n d e d ” a s w e n o t i c e d in s o m e d o c u m e n t s . In t h i s r e s p e c t , t h e r e g u l a t i o n s in p l a c e s h o u l d a l w a y s u s e t h e S t a t e o f t h e A r t” i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s a n d s p e c i f i c a t i o n s in p l a c e ( A S T M , A P I , IE C , I S O a n d S A E , N F P A , e t c . ) 36 1 1 .3 N eed fo r D e v e lo p m e n t a n d U se of C o m p lia n c e R e g u la tio n s T h e r e is a critica l, n e e d f o r d e v e l o p i n g a n d p r o m u l g a t i n g c o m p l i a n c e r e g u l a t i o n s t o g e t h e r w ith d e t a i l e d p r o c e s s e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s . T h e s e will e n s u r e t h a t U s e d Oil h a n d l i n g r e g u l a t i o n s a r e c o m p l i e d w ith in t h e m a r k e t p l a c e b y t h e v a r i o u s b u s i n e s s e s a n d e n t i t i e s d e a l i n g w ith u s e d oils. T h e c o m p l i a n c e r e g u l a t i o n s will a d d r e s s t h e r u l e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s f o r all t h e b u s i n e s s e s in v o lv e d s u c h a s g e n e r a t o r s , c o lle c to rs, h a n d le r s , tr a n s p o r te r s , re c y c le rs , p r o c e s s o r s , etc. T h e c o m p lia n c e re g u la tio n s s h o u ld b e b a s e d o n e n f o r c e a b le ru les, d e ta ile d p r o c e d u r e s , a n d p r e c is e p r o c e s s e s b u t n o t p rin cip les, w h ic h c a n b e p ro v id e d a s g u id in g m is s io n s t a t e m e n t s . 1 1 .4 N e e d f o r a U s e d O il M a n a g e m e n t a n d R e c y c l i n g P r o g r a m ( U O M R P ) T h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d a p p l i c a t i o n o f a p r e l i m i n a r y U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t a n d R e c y c l i n g P r o g r a m ( U O M R P ) in C A M c o u n t r i e s is n e c e s s a r y . T h i s p r o g r a m s h o u l d b e l e d b y t h e E n v ir o n m e n t a l a g e n c i e s , w h ic h c a n h ig h lig h t t h e b e n e f its a n d a d v a n t a g e s o f s u c h a s p r o g r a m f o r t h e p u b lic , c o m m u n i t i e s , s t a t e e n t i t i e s , a n d p r i v a t e - s e c t o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s . T h e e f f e c t i v e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d u til iz a tio n o f s u c h a p r o g r a m will n e c e s s i t a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d p a rtic ip a tio n of th e b u s i n e s s e s in v o lv e d ( S e e S e c t io n 3.2 ) T h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g b u s i n e s s e s s h o u l d f o llo w t h e r e g u l a t i o n s t o b e p u t in p l a c e v i a t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g r u l e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s . It s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s s h o u l d t a k e t h e l e a d in t h i s m a j o r u n d e r t a k i n g a s w e ll a s p r o v i d e i n c e n t i v e s ( t a x b r e a k s , g r a n t s , l a n d d o n a t i o n s , e t c . ) t o n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n s o r s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s in t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r , w h i c h will p a r t i c i p a t e in t h i s m a j o r e n d e a v o r . T h e g o a l s o f t h e U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t R e c y c l i n g P r o g r a m a r e : • P r o v i d e t r a i n i n g a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n p r o g r a m s to g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s , s c h o o l s , u s e d oil g e n e r a t o r s ’, e t c • E n c o u r a g e th e effectiv e p articip atio n of t h e p riv a te s e c to r, th e g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s , a n d n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n s in t h e u s e d oil r e c y c l i n g • H e l p o r g a n i z e a n d d e v e l o p t h e v a r i o u s b u s i n e s s e s t h a t h a n d l e a n d r e c y c l e u s e d o ils ( S e e L ist in S e c t i o n 3 . 2 ) • G r o w t h e m a r k e t s f o r p r o c e s s i n g a n d r e c y c l i n g u s e d o ils 1 1 .5 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f r o m t h e M a n a g u a S y m p o s i u m ( S e p t e m b e r 6/7, 2 0 0 1 ) T h e M a n a g u a S y m p o s i u m ’s o b j e c t i v e w a s t o r e v i e w a n d d i s c u s s t h e r e s e a r c h , f i n d i n g s , a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f th e p re lim in ary rep o rt. A n e x c e lle n t a t t e n d a n c e a n d p articip a tio n fro m th e D G H ’s o f C A M c o u n t r i e s w e r e n o t e d . M a j o r p r o g r e s s w a s m a d e in e v a l u a t i n g a n d a p p l y i n g in th e fu tu re a P a n - C e n tra l A m e ric a n a p p r o a c h to re g u la tin g th e h an d lin g , m a n a g e m e n t , a n d r e c y c l i n g o f u s e d oils. T h e p a r t i c i p a n t s ’ c o m m e n t s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e p r o v i d e d in A p p e n d i x 3. 37 APPEN D IX 1 Q u e s tio n n a ire o n U s e d L u b ric a n ts 1 P ro je c t fo r C e n tra l A m e ric a P le a s e p r o v id e answ ers, d a ta , d o c u m e n ta tio n , and c o m m e n ts , if a v a ila b le , r e g a r d in g th e fo llo w in g is s u e s a n d to p ic s 1. E n v i r o n m e n t a l R e g u l a t i o n s a n d L e g i s l a t i o n : 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. 1 .8 . 2. Existence and effective use of Environmental, Safety, and Health (ESH) Legislation and regulations for chemical products and lubricating oils Each year, billions of liters of waste oil are dumped onto the global world environment. In 1995, it was estimated that only 44% of available waste was collected worldwide. Therefore, 56% of used oils are not collected and, thus, they are either misused or discarded by the end user into the world environment. In Central America, legislation proposals and/or regulations recommendations have been derived in certain countries. However their practical applications with rigorous compliance laws from the government agencies have not materialized either because of the Existence and effective use of legislation, regulatory, and environment audits to a ssess possible pollution of soil, water, groundwater, streams, and rivers Existence of rules and regulations for product formulations, packaging, labeling, packaging, hazard identification, transportation, and storage Regulations for monitoring unwanted substances in used lubricating oils such as trace metals, chlorinated solvents, gasoline, diesel, aromatic hydrocarbons, glycols, and PCBs. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for products and products components for locally-made and imported lubricants Existence of regulation, compliance procedures, and certification processes for design, construction, operation and restoration of lube manufacturing, distribution centers, and other properties and facilities to ensure excellence U s e d Oil R e c y c l i n g I s s u e s a n d C o n s i d e r a t i o n s 2.1 Existence and use of any used oil recycling laws and regulations: Laws in the collection, preparation, transport, storage, and distribution Enforcement processes and compliance procedures Compliance and involvement of institutions marketing and selling the oils Compliance and involvement of oil changers (as depicted in Section 3.1 below) Compliance and involvement of consumers (as depicted in Section 3.2 below) for disposing of used oils from cars, trucks, buses, lawnmowers, and farm equipment Development and effective use of a “Used Oil Management Program” (UOMP) Environmental advantages and benefits for such a program Set up and development of convenient collection locations of used oils Methods and procedures to motivate the public to recycle their used oils Grants and incentives provided by local governments to nonprofit organizations and research for demonstration projects. Government regulations and incentives for such a program Training of users for such a UOMP 1 Definition and type of lubricants (=oils in this document) are given in Section 8. 38 Rules and procedures for compliance by users Insurance that recyclable-used oils are not contaminated with other fluids such as antifreeze, solvents, gasoline, or water. Regulations and laws for Used Oil Collection Centers (UOCC) Registered collection centers Service station drop-off Curbside pick up and recycling operation Shopping centers Recycling centers Opportunities for local government to provide incentives to the private sector for designing, building, developing, and utilizing re-refineries that will transform used oils into new lubricants Government incentives and grants Effective participation of private sector Educational and training programs to users about misconceptions” of re-re-refined oils Effective use of re-refined oils in new finished lubricants at same quality level as virgin oils 2.2 2.3 3. E n g i n e Oil C h a n g e s b y m a r k e t s e g m e n t (D IF M v s . D y e r s ) : 2 3.1 3.2 4. R e c y c l e d O ils b y C h a n n e l o f T r a d e : 3 4.1 4.2 4.3 2 Volume (Liters) of Oil Changes by market segment in 2000. (This is generally called DIFM or Do It for Me” network) Quick Lube Shops and Changarros” Car dealers Gas/Fuel stations Car repair garages Other outlets Volume (Liters) of oil changes made by consumers themselves in 2000. This is generally called Do It Yourself” (DIY) network: Motor oils purchased in auto parts stores Motor oils purchased in grocery stores Motor Oils purchased in mass merchandisers” Other Volume (Liters) of used oil recycled by market segment in 2000 Quick Lube Shops and Changaros” Car dealers Gas/Fuel stations Car repair garages Other outlets Volume (Liters) of used oil recycled made by consumers themselves in 2000 Motor oils purchased in auto parts stores Motor oils purchased in grocery stores Motor Oils purchased in mass merchandisers” Other Mode ofused oil recycling after oil changes in 2000 Volume of used motor oil collected and utilized in space burners,boilers, etc. Volume of used motor oil collected and utilized by processors Volume of used motor oil collected and utilized in other forms (differentfrom 4.3.1 and 4.3.2) If specific volumes are not known, please rank market segments in order of importance 3 If specific volumes are not known, please rank channels in order of importance 39 Potential for re-refining of used oils into base oils to be blended with additives and make new lubricants for various uses 5. M o t o r Oil M a r k e t D a t a : M o t o r oil d e m a n d b y t r a d e c h a n n e l : 4 Motor oil sold in 1995, 1997, 2000 by market channel: Car dealers Car repair garages Grocery stores Auto parts stores Mass merchandisers Quick lubes Other 6 . 6.1 6.2 6.3 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 L u b r i c a n t S u p p l i e r s , Oil C o m p a n i e s , a n d M o t o r Oil M a r k e t e r s : 5 Lubricant market share by trade channel and product type in 2000: Lubricant volume sold (Liters) and market (%) share by oil company for passenger car motor oils including automotive transmission and gear oils Lubricant volume sold (Liters) and market share (%) by company for truck and bus diesel oils including related transmission and gear oils Lubricant volume sold (Liters) and market share (%) by company for “industrial” diesel oils (marine, railroad, and industrial generators only) Lubricant volume sold (Liters) and market share (%) by company for industrial oils (hydraulics, metal processing, treating fluids, etc.) Lubricant volume sold (Liters) and market share (%) by company for greases Locally-Made lubricants vs. imported lubricants in 2000: For the above marketing and oil companies (items 6.1.1 to 6.1.5), specify locally-made volume of lubricants vs. imported volume for each one of the four lubricant applications mentioned above Local Manufacturing plants of lubricants and corresponding raw materials in 2000: List of all blending and packaging plants for additives, base oils, and finished lubricants Name of plant, physical location, name of plant owner, lubricant capacity, and lubricants production in 2000 (by product type as described in section 6.1) Existence of environmental, safety, health, and ISO certifications of local lubricant manufacturing plants Existence of environmental regulations for waste disposal (water, oil, solvents, plastics, packaging, paper, metal, etc.) 4Compliance procedures for waste disposal (water, oil, solvents, plastics, packaging, paper, metal, etc.) L u b ric a n t Q u ality C ertificatio n Any monitoring of quality compliance with applicable local laws regulations (those in existence) Existence and effective use of ISO 9000 series certification for local lube plants, distribution centers, and research facilities Existence and effective use of ISO 9000 series certification and control of imported lubricants Any monitoring of lube quality (API, ACEA, NMMA, JASO credentials) for both locally-made products and imported products Any quality audits of products sold in the market place 4: If specific volumes are not known, please rank trade channels in order of importance 5: If specific volumes are not known, please rank market segments in order of importance 40 8 . 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8 .6 8.7 8 .8 8.9 8.10 8.11 L u b r i c a n t T y p e s , P e r f o r m a n c e , a n d M a r k e t d a t a in 1 9 9 5 , 1 9 9 7 , 2 0 0 0 : 6 Passenger car motor oils byperformance level API SJ/CD/CF Synthetic-based All mineral-based API SH/SG/CD API SF/CD API SE and lower Multigrade oils vs. monograde oils for the above performance levels Motorcycle oils 4-stroke API SH/SG API SF and lower 2 -stroke JASO FC (low smoke) API TC Other Truck and bus diesel oils API CH-4/SG-4 API CF-4 API CF/CF-II/CD-II/CD API CC and lower Automotive gear oils API GL-5 API- GL4 to GL-2 API GL-1 and lower Automotive Transmission oils Dexron III/Mercon Mercon ATF+3/ATF+2 Other Marine, railroad, and generator diesel oils API CF API CD Lower than API CD Outboard marine TC-W3 TCW-2/TCW Other Hydraulic oils Non fire resistant fluids Fire resistant fluids Industrial gear and transmission oils Metal processing, treating, and specialty fluids Greases Calcium-based Lithium-based Sodium-based Polyurea Other 6: If exact volumes are not known, please provide estimates 41 9. 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.10 V e h ic le m a rk e t d a t a a n d re la te d lu b ric a n t is s u e s : 7 Vehicle population by make/model and origin in 1995, 1997, 2000 Car population US-made and/or US transplant” for local assembly European-made and/or European transplant” for local assembly Japanese-made and/or Japanese transplant” for local assembly Other Motorcycle population US-made and/or US transplant” for local assembly European-made and/or European transplant” for local assembly Japanese-made and/or Japanese transplant” for local assembly Other Truck population US-made and/or US transplant” for local assembly European-made and/or European transplant” for local assembly Japanese-made and/or Japanese transplant” for local assembly Other Bus population US-made and/or US transplant” for local assembly European-made and/or European transplant” for local assembly Japanese-made and/or Japanese transplant” for local assembly Other Recommended lubricant drain intervals by vehicle manufacturers Cars Motorcycles Trucks Buses Railroad Marine outboard Ships Typical lubricant drain intervals used by consumers Cars Motorcycles Trucks Buses Railroad Marine outboard Ships Fuels properties and characteristics Typical octane rating for gasoline Diesel Typical Cetane rating for diesel Typical sulfur level in diesel Population of vehicles powered by environmentally-friendly” fuels Methanol Compressed natural gas Liquefied natural gas Other 7: If exact volumes are not known, please provide estimates 42 APPENDIX 2 List of Environmental Agencies in Central America C O S T A R I C A - M in i s te r io d e R e c u r s o s N a t u r a l e s , E n e r g í a y M in a s (M IR E N E M ) M in istry o f N a tu ra l R e s o u r c e s , E n e r g y a n d M in e s A p arta d o 10104, 1000 S a n J o s é (506) 2 3 3 -4 5 3 3 ; (506) 2 5 7 -0 6 9 7 fax r o o t @ n s . m i n a e . g o . c r a n d h ttp : //w w w . m i n a e . g o . c r / E L S A L V A D O R - M in is te r io d e M e d io A m b i e n t e y R e c u r s o s N a t u r a l e s (M A R N )/ M in istry o f E n v ir o n m e n t a n d N a tu ra l R e s o u r c e s E d if ic i o I P S F A , A v e n u e R o o s e v e l t , S a n S a l v a d o r (503) 2 6 0 -8 9 0 0 , 2 6 0 -8 9 0 1 ; fax (503) 2 6 0 -3 1 1 7 m e d io a m b ie n te @ m a r n .g o b .s v a n d h ttp ://w w w .m a rn .g o b .sv / G U A T E M A L A - C o m is io n N a c io n a l d el M e d io A m b ie n te N atio n al E n v ir o n m e n t C o m m is s io n P r e s i d e n c i a d e la R e p ú b l i c a , 5 a . A v e n i d a 8 - 0 7 , Z o n e 1 0 , G u a t e m a l a (5 0 2 2) 3 1 2 7 2 3 ; (5 0 2 2) 3 4 1 7 0 8 fax H O N D U R A S - M in iste rio d e R e c u r s o s N a tu r a le s M in istry o f N a tu ra l R e s o u r c e s T eg u c ig alp a (504) 3 2 -8 8 1 7 N IC A R A G U A - M in iste rio d el A m b ie n te y R e c u r s o s N a tu r a le s M in istry o f E n v ir o n m e n t a n d N a tu ra l R e s o u r c e s A p arta d o 5123, M a n a g u a (5 0 5 2) 3 1 1 1 0 ; (5 0 5 2) 3 1 2 7 4 fax P A N A M A - I n s titu to d e R e c u r s o s N a tu r a le s R e n o v a b l e s (IN R E N A R E ) In s titu te o f R e n e w a b le N atu ra l R e s o u r c e s A p arta d o 20 1 6 , P a ra íso , A ncon (507) 3 2 -6 6 0 1 ; (507) 3 2 -6 6 1 2 fax h ttp ://w w w 2 .u sm a .a c .p a /~ e c o 1 43 APPENDIX 3 SEMINARIO DE LUBRICANTES USADOS COMENTARIOS, ACTIVIDADES PENDIENTES Y RECOMENDACIONES DE LOS DELEGADOS DE LOS PAISES Proyectod Uso Sustentable d Hidrocarburos enAm Central (CEPAL/República Federal d e e érica e Alem ania) M anagua, Nicaragua 6-7 deseptiem de2001 bre I. COMENTARIOS El estudio preparado por el consultor T. Benchaita, así com las discusiones sostenidas durante o el Sem inario, ayudaron a las delegaciones d los países a identificar los principales aspectos del e m anejo, la reutilización y disposición d lubricantes usados (LU), especialm aquellos que e ente requerirán particular atención para un futuro program sobre lubricantes usados (PLU). Un a resum d estos tem sepresentaa continuación: en e as 1. Los países centroam ericanos no tienen estadísticascom pletas y confiablesreferentes al m ercado d lubricantes (im e portaciones, oferta y consum El consultor proporcionó varios o). indicadores que perm realizar estim iten aciones sobre el consum d lubricantes. Así m o, o e ism presentó argum entos m convincentes en cuanto a los segm uy entos que requieren lubricantes y generan los grandes volúm d lubricantes (en el caso del transporte autom corresponde enes e otor, a los centros d lubricación, estaciones d servicios y talleres m e e ecánicos, identificados com o DIFM enel estudio del consultor). . Es preocupante que gran p de los LU son desechados inadecuadam produciendo arte ente, contam inación de suelos, aire y agua (por ejem la quem a tem plo: a peraturas que no perm iten elim los contam inar inantes, o com aplacador d polvo). Solo una porción d estos aceites e o e e s recolectaday m anejada d acuerdo aprácticas quereducen el im e pacto am biental. 2 . En cuanto a la dem d LU, se identificó com el principal destino la utilización anda e o com energético, especialm en los hornos de alta tem o ente peratura (1200 oC) de la industria del cem y en algunas plantas industriales que utilizan calderas. Las características de los ento procesos enlas cem enteras perm quem los com iten ar ponentes peligrosos d los LU, reduciendo a e la vez los im pactos enel am biente. Adicionalm ente, sehanreconocido otra serie de dem andantes usos d LU, com la m e o ezcla con asfaltos, sin em bargono setiene una buena aproxim ación sobre el perfil d estos usuarios. e 3 44 . Se discutieron algunas características del m ercado de LU en los países de la región, el cual incluye: el sector industrial (adem d la cem ás e entera, enla industria d fundición del plom e o y posterior fabricación de baterías, en algunos procesos d la industria d vidrio, en los e e aserraderos y en general, com com o bustible en algunas calderas de m o baja tem edia peratura, generalm m ente ezclado con otrocom bustible); la industria d la construcción; las carreteras, y en e algunos casos, usos sanitarios para el control d plagas d m e e osquitos (práctica no recom endable y ya casi abandonada). 4 . Se identificaron las siguientes nueve grandes cem enteras d la región (por país, denorte a e sur): Progreso (Guatem ala); CESSA (El Salvador); Industria Cem entera d Com e ayagua y Cem entos del Norte (Honduras); Cem (Nicaragua); Industria Nacional de Cem (INCSA) y ex ento Cem (Costa Rica), y Bayano y Panam (Panam Todas esas industrias son grandes usuarios ex á á). d búnker. Sin em e bargo, recientem algunas de ellas han em ente pezado a utilizar carbón, lo cual reduce la posibilidad deusar LU envez del bunker. 5 . Sobre el m ercado, m anejo y uso d los LU, se m e encionaron los siguientes hechos: a) el uso enlas cem enteras y otras industrias; b) los program d recolección y disposición iniciados as e por algunas em presas petroleras; c) la rem oción dom éstica d algunas im e purezas y reventa para el sector transporte (en varios países se observa un m ercado inform de lubricantes al reconstruidos, generalm ente sin etiqueta, tam podría darse el caso d adulteración d bién e e productos), y d) la disposición d LU por parte de los em e pleados d las estaciones de servicio (lo e cual enuno de los países constituye un derecho de los trabajadores, establecido por acuerdo con los sindicatos) . De esa form los LU tienen algún valor com a, ercial, m encionándose com o referencia 4.00 dólares/barril, que paga una d las cem e enteras d Costa Rica. Com valor e o m o d referencia, se estim que en algunas circunstancias, los LU podrían equipararse al áxim e a búnker C d alto contenido d azufre. Al m o tiem se reconocen los riesgos y posibles e e ism po, daños causados por el m anejo d LU y su “reciclaje” (reutilización ilegal d LU en m e e otores d e com bustión que causa serios daños m ecánicos y contam inación del aire) por personas particulares oem pleados d gasolineras. Ninguno d los países tiene suficiente conocim e e iento del usoy la destinaciónfinal d la granm e ayoría delos LU. 6 . Referente a los program iniciados por algunas em as presas petroleras, los principales corresponden a los lidereados por Castrol en Costa Rica, y los de Texaco en Guatem y ala Nicaragua (este últim próxim a iniciar). En estos program participan o petroleras, o o as tras adem dela em líder y secaracterizan por: la identificación del m ás presa ercadobase (recolectores y consum idores); el diseño de la logística d recolección y transporte; el soporte técnico a las e agentes involucrados; los acuerdos com erciales y com pensaciones económ entre los agentes icas y los usuarios (principalm las cem ente enteras), y la disposición final d los desechos. Ha sido e fundam ental para estos program la participación de los agentes a partir d los Com as e ités Nacionales d Seguridad dela Industria Petrolera (CNSIP), y la cooperación horizontal que seha e em pezado a dar dentro delos com d la región. Los delegados d Texaco ofrecieron inform ités e e ar a las Direcciones u Oficinas a cargo del subsector hidrocarburos (DGH) de los países, sobre la conform ación y logística d los respectivos CNSIP. Los resultados obtenidos a la fecha han sido e 7 45 m benéficos, sin em uy bargo, dichos program alcanzan solam una pequeña parte d los LU as ente e (se estim un 6 % enCosta Rica). a 8. Existe conciencia sobre la m agnitud eim plicaciones del problem de contam a inación por m m al anejo y disposición de LU, sin em bargo el tem no ha sido abordado directam por las a ente DGH. Entre las justificaciones para buscar un m involucram ayor iento de las DGH se m encionan los siguientes: a) La im portación y com ercialización de los lubricantes es llevada a cabo por las com pañías petroleras y em presas especializadas. Las DGHs son responsables d expedir las licencias a e dichas em presas, y d efectuar inspecciones técnicas a las instalaciones involucradas, tareas e que, hasta la fecha, no sehan cum enla granm plido ayoría d los casos. e b) Los LU form parte de los desechos o residuos d la industria petrolera. Su principal an e usos debe ser es com energético, lo cual sustituye hidrocarburos. o 9. Por las razones anteriores, las DGH deben involucrarse en el control del m ercado d e lubricantes y en los program d m as e anejo d LU, y trabajar conjuntam con los agentes e ente relacionados directa oindirectam en el tem (el sector privado, otras instituciones del sector ente a público y la sociedad civil). Las autoridades am bientales deben tener una especial participación. Se considera im portante la conform ación d Com Interinstitucionales (CI), los que podrían e ités incluir la participación d e: Sector Público DGH u oficina a cargo de Hidrocarburos Autoridad Ambiental (Ministerio o Comisión) Municipalidades Misterios de Transporte Oficinas de Protección al Consumidor Sector Privado Petroleras (representadas por el CNSIP) Importadores de lubricantes Otros Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONG) Otros sectores sociedad civil (Universidades) Industria (consumidora y productora de LU) Transportistas Importadores de Automóviles 10 . Referente al anteproyecto de una Norm Técnica para LU que se discute enEl Salvador, a se m encionó que la clasificación d los LU dentro de las “sustancias, m e aterias y residuos peligrosos” no constituye un obstáculo para poner en práctica los program nacionales d as e m anejo de LU. En el caso d program regionales existe una lim e as itación, ya que no podrían ingresar al país LU procedentes d o países. Este tem deberá ser retom en fases e tros a ado posteriores, cuando se aborde el tem d la arm ae onización d norm y reglam e as entos paraLU. . O tem tratados durante el sem tros as inario fueron los siguientes: a) La carencia, en la m ayor parte d los países, de norm reglam e as, entos generales y norm técnicas para la as disposición y tratam iento d desechos peligrosos; b) en el caso d la industria petrolera, la e e problem d la disposición final de los residuos últim de dicha industria (especialm ática e os ente 11 46 aquellos considerado “residuos peligrosos”); y c) la falta d directrices d reglam e e entos especiales y norm técnicas para el m as anejo, reciclaje y disposición final de LU; d) algunos países que cuentan con legislación para la cadena d sum e inistro d hidrocarburos, todavía no han aprobado e los reglam entos y los procedim ientos para la fiscalizar la im portación, distribución y m anejo d e lubricantes, sobre dicho tem y e) el seguim a, iento nacional de Acuerdos signados por los países enm ateria d los residuos peligrosos (Basilea). e II. RECOMENDACIONES Los asistentes al Sem inario acordaron presentar, por conducto d sus respectivas autoridades, las e siguientes recom endaciones al Com de Cooperación d Hidrocarburos de Am ité e érica Central (CCHAC): 1 . Proponer la creación de un Com d Trabajo “virtual” sobre el tem d LU, el cual tendrá ité e a e el propósito de dar seguim al tem El coordinador d dicho com recibirá periódicam iento a. e ité, ente la inform ación d cada país y preparará un reporte regional. El consultor internacional del e proyecto CEPAL/GTZ ofreció asesorar al referido Com Tem ité. poralm hasta su ratificación ente, por el CCHAC, el com queda conform por las siguientes personas: ité ado Nombre Alba Lila Bermúdez (coordinadora) Alan Chín Alirio Herrera Mario Godínez Fernando Lobo Pendiente Institución DGH, INE, Nicaragua DSE, MINAE, Costa Rica DHM, Ministerio de Economía, El Salvador DGH, MEM, Guatemala UTP, SERNA, Honduras DGH, MICI, Panamá . Discutir m ecanism para asignación d responsabilidades institucionales, así com el os e o m regulatorio existente y futuro para el m arco anejo d LU y los pasos para su im entación. e plem Una propuesta es la de am el sistem d licencias para hidrocarburos eincluir la im pliar a e portación d lubricantes (lo cual ya está contem e plado en algunos países). En las licencias para estos agentes se establecería el com iso de reciclar un porcentaje del volum im prom en portado. Las DGH u oficinas equivalentes, deben analizar la viabilidad d estem e ecanism o. 2 . Preparar Planes de Acción (nacionales y regional) y program de m as anejo d LU de m e ayor alcance, considerando la participación d los principales agentes. Estos planes se podrían e estudiar dentro de los proyectos d cooperación al subsector d hidrocarburos y deberán incluir: e e a) análisis detallado del m ercado d LU y delas particularidades d cadapaís; b) características y e e viabilidad de los program d recolección y m as e anejo d LU (aspectos legales, am e bientales, beneficios, costos, involucram iento d los agentes, etc.); c) elaboración (arm e onizada en los tre países) d reglam e entos y norm técnicas para el m as anejo d LU; d) los aspectos d educación y e e divulgación, y e) propuestapara iniciar la ejecución del program a. 3 47 . Trasladar al CCHAC la preocupación d las em e presas petroleras, referente a la necesidad d e contar con una solución al problem d la disposición de los desechos peligrosos originados d a e e las actividades dela industria petrolera. 4 III. ACTIVIDADES PENDIENTES 1 . Se fijó el 17 de septiem del año en curso com fecha lím para presentar observaciones bre o ite al docum del Dr. Benchaita. Estas deberán ser canalizadas por conducto d las respectivas ento e Direcciones d Hidrocarburos (u oficinas equivalentes) y enviadas por correo electrónico ófax a e la Unidad de Energía d CEPAL. El consultor preparará la versión final d su inform el cual e e e, será enviado oportunam alos países. ente . El representante de CEPAL enviará a todos los asistentes al Sem inario, por correo electrónico, copia delas presentaciones del Sem inario. 2 . El Sr. Alan Chin (de la Dirección Sectorial d Energía d Costa Rica y Secretario del Panel e e d Discusión del Sem e inario), conjuntam con los Sres. Hilmar Zeissig (consultor principal del ente proyecto) y Hugo Ventura (representante d CEPAL) elaborarán un resum conteniendo las e en principales discusiones, recom endaciones y actividades pendientes y la enviarán a los asistentes al Sem inario. 3 4. El Sr. Fernando Lobo (de la Unidad Técnica del Petróleo d Honduras), enviará e inform ación sobre la operación y funcionam iento d la laguna para depósito y estabilización d e e desechos, quem aneja la em presa Texaco enPuerto Cortés. 48 REFERENCES 1. T h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l C h a l l e n g e , E n v i r o n m e n t a l Oil Ltd., W e b site : h ttp ://w w w .o z ra m p .n e t.a u /~ e n v iro /c h a lle n g e .h tm 2. L u b r i c a n te s U s a d o s , P r o y e c to P a r a C e n t r o a m é r i c a , O r g a n i s m o L eg islativ o , C o n g r e s o d e la R e p ú b l i c a d e G u a t e m a l a , D e c r e t o N ú m e r o 6 8 - 8 6 3. P r o p u e s ta d e R e g la m e n to T é c n ic o d e L os A c e ite s L u b ric a n te s P a r a M o to r a G a s o lin a y D iesel., S e c re ta ría de In d u stria y C o m ercio , C o m isió n In terin stitu cio n al de N o rm alizació n . H o n d u ra s 4. 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