This article looks at some of the most significant contributions to the contemporary Latin American debate on citizenship. The subject has taken on central importance in the justification of public policy throughout the continent, chiefly because it allows the approach taken to the social question to be based on active integration of economic, social and cultural phenomena, and makes it possible to address aspects of life in society -such as gender, ethnic and environmental conflicts- that pose major challenges for political regimes and for economic stability. Following an introductory section, the article reviews the conceptual underpinnings of sociological thinking about citizenship, examines the implications of globalization for the analysis and identification of problems associated with citizenship, summarizes some Latin American contributions that have helped to expand the explanatory capabilities and practical usefulness of the concept and, lastly, offers some final considerations.